Zurna

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1. REDIRECT Wikipedia:WikiProject Musical Instruments/Templates/Infobox instrument

For other meanings, see Zurna (disambiguation) and Surna (disambiguation)

The Zurna (also called Surnay, birbynė, lettish horn, surla, sornai, zournas, zurma) is an Anatolian woodwind instrument with a single reed, popular in the towns of Eastern Georgia and also in Kartlian villages.

Contents 1 Characteristics and history 2 Pku 3 Etymology and terminology 3.1 Terminology in Anatolia 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links

[edit] Characteristics and history

It has 7 or 8 finger holes above and one finger hole below. It is similar to the Mizmar. The Zurna had often been featured in the Ottoman military bands. Zurnas are also used in the folk music of the countries in the region, especially Armenia, Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Iran and the other Caucasian countries. It has origins in ancient Egypt, and has now spread throughout the Islamic world, China, and Eastern Europe. In Russian folk music, it is used in sad folk songs. It is often used in the music of Lithuania and Belarus, where bands such as Sutaras and Stary Olsa use them in traditional music.

The Zurna is most likely the immediate predecessor of the European Shawm as well as the Chinese Suona still used today in temple and funeral music. The Japanese charumera used by itinerant noodle vendors is a small zurna, its name deriving from the Portuguese chirimiya.

There are several types of zurnas. They all share one and the same sound inductor - the so called kalem - which is actually a very tight (and short) double reed, sometimes made out of wheat leaves. The Armenian zurna is the shortest type reaching only 15cm, and respectively it is has the highest pitch of all the zurna family. The longest (and lowest) is the Kaba zurna, used in northern Turkey and Bulgaria. As a rule of thumb, a zurna is conical and made of wood.

[edit] Pku

Image:Splitsection.svg

It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article. (Discuss)

The “pku” is an ancient musical instrument, originating from the 5th century. Today a few types of the instrument are known in Armenia, which are the timbre supplementation of each other and have rather high diapason.The instrument consists of a pipe and a reed. A horn prepared from a cow’s horn is fixed to the lower part of the pipe. The reed is prepared from ebonite and a cane mouthpiece. The mouthpiece can produce shrill or soft sounds. The instrument can be prepared in different keys - in C, A, D, F, B, etc.

[edit] Etymology and terminology

Oldest Turkish records suruna in Codex Cumanicus(CCM fol. 45a) < Persian word that is combined of two parts:

1. Sur = festival & red
2. Nay / Na = Reed / Pipe ". ^[1].

[edit] Terminology in Anatolia

Turkish terminology

1. Head and reed

• zaynak Ankara
• nazik Abdal
• ula Uludağ
• çatal Çankırı
• zinak Diyarbakır - Kurdish
• nezik Gaziantep
• fasla Kırklareli
• zaynak - Kurdish

2. Pipe

• metef Ankara
• metem Abdal
• çığırdan Uludağ
• demir Çankırı
• bülbülük Diyarbakır
• kanel Kırklareli
• metef - Kurdish
• lüle Sivas

[edit] See also

• Ney
• Sorna
• Rhaita
• Suona
• Kangling
• Sopila

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

• History of the Zurna, from ancient times until the 18th century; in German: Janissary instruments and Europe
• Zurna-FAQ This site is trying to answer the typical questions a beginner has about zurna, explains and illustrates key techniques a zurna player must master.
• KabaZurna This site is mostly in Turkish but has pictures from the making, sound clips etc.. which may be useful to non Turkish speakers.
• Zurla
• Historical background of Zurna

v • d • e Turkish musical instruments

Image:Flag of Turkey.svg String instruments: bowed instruments kemenche, yaylı tanbur; plucked instruments kanun, saz, Tanbur (Turkish), tar, ud, cümbüş,çeng Woodwind instruments: reed zurna, tulum, dankiyo, gaida; end-blown ney, kaval, sipsi, duduk Percussion instruments: chordophones santur; membranophones bendir, daf, davul, darbuka, naqareh, kus, Kudüm,Nagara (Drum) idiophones Turkish crescent, Zil

v • d • e Double reed instruments (also includes those with quadruple and sextuple reeds)
European classical (modern)	Piccolo oboe • Piccolo heckelphone • Oboe • Oboe d'amore • Cor anglais (English horn) • Bass oboe • Heckelphone • Contrabass oboe • Tenoroon • Bassoon • Semi contrabassoon • Contrabassoon • Contraforte • Sarrusophone • Soprano sarrusophone • Alto sarrusophone • Tenor sarrusophone • Baritone sarrusophone • Bass sarrusophone • Contrabass sarrusophone • Rothphone • Contrabassophone • Reed contrabass • Tromboon
European classical (historical)	Aulos • Baroque oboe • Bassanelli • Cornamuse • Cromorne • Crumhorn • Dulcian • Hirtenschalmei • Kortholt • Oboe da caccia • Pommer • Rackett • Rauschpfeife • Shawm
African traditional	Algaita • Rhaita
Asian traditional	Duduk • Guan • Gyaling • Hichiriki • Hne • Kèn bầu • Kèn đám ma • Kuzhal • Mey • Mizmar • Nadaswaram • Pi • Piri • Shehnai • Sorna • Sralai • Suona • Taepyeongso • Zurna
European traditional	Aulos • Bifora • Bombarde • Catalan shawm • Dulzaina • Musette • Piffero • Sopila • Tárogató • Zurla
North American traditional	Trompeta china

de:Zurna

fr:Zurna he:זורנה hr:Zurla nl:Zurla sv:Zurla tr:Zurna zh:唢呐 ar:زرنة