Washington Irving
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Washington Irving | |
|---|---|
| Image:Irving-Washington-LOC.jpg Washington Irving | |
| Born | April 3 1783 New York, New York, United States |
| Died | November 28 1859 (aged 76) Sunnyside, New York, United States |
| Occupation | Short story writer, essayist, biographer |
| Literary movement | Romanticism |
| Influenced | Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Edgar Allan Poe |
Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author of the early 19th century. Best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle" (both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon), he was also a prolific essayist, biographer and historian. His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th century Spain dealing with subjects such as Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra.
Irving and James Fenimore Cooper were the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe, and Irving is said to have encouraged authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe. Irving was also the U.S. minister to Spain 1842–1845.
His parents were William Irving, Sr., originally of Shapinsay, Orkney, and Sarah (née Sanders), of Dutch descent. They were married in 1761, while William was serving as a petty officer in the British Navy. By the time Washington was born, William was settled in Manhattan, and part of that city's small vibrant merchant class. Several of Washington Irving's older brothers themselves became active New York merchants, and they encouraged their younger brother's literary aspirations. By 1804 he was reading law in the city and contributing theatrical reviews and humorous sketches to various periodicals [1]. His first book was A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809), a brilliant satire on self-important local history and contemporary politics. The surname of Diedrich Knickerbocker, the fictional narrator of this and other Irving works, became a nickname for Manhattanites in general [2].
Like many merchants and many New Yorkers, Irving originally opposed the War of 1812, but the British attack on Washington, D.C. in 1814 convinced him to enlist. He served on the staff of Daniel Tompkins, governor of New York and commander of the New York State Militia, and saw action along the Great Lakes. The War was disastrous for many American merchants, including Irving's family, and in mid-1815 he left for England to attempt to salvage the family trading company. He remained in Europe for the next seventeen years. He never married.
Irving left for Europe in 1815. His efforts to restore the family business were unsuccessful, but he wrote prolifically, creating a series of sketches, stories, and observations. In 1819-1820 he published The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, which includes his best known stories, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle". "Rip Van Winkle" was written overnight while Irving was staying with his sister Sarah and her husband, Henry van Wart in Birmingham, England, a place that also inspired some of his other works. Bracebridge Hall or The Humorists, A Medley is based on Aston Hall there. The Sketch Book was an enormous success, and Irving soon traveled to the continent in search of new material, reading widely in Dutch and German folk tales. Like many successful authors of this era, Irving struggled against literary bootleggers. While in England, his sketches were published in book form by British publishers without his permission and from then on he published in Europe and the U.S. concurrently to protect his copyright.
While in Paris in 1825, Irving met Alexander Hill Everett, who was on his way to Madrid as American Minister to Spain. Everett invited Irving to join him in Madrid, noting that a number of manuscripts dealing with the Spanish conquest of the Americas had recently been made public. Irving left for Madrid in early 1826 and enthusiastically began scouring the Spanish archives for colorful material. He published The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1828, the Conquest of Granada a year later, and the Voyages of the Companions of Columbus in 1831. These works are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history – Irving based them on extensive research in the Spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story. The first of these works is the source of the durable myth that medieval Europeans believed the earth was flat. Irving left Spain in 1829 to accept a position in the US Embassy in London. While serving there he wrote Tales of the Alhambra, which was published concurrently in England and the United States. (The actual title is more lengthy, as its contents amounted to a collection of sketches. In 1851 he wrote an "Author's Revised Edition," also entitled Tales of the Alhambra.)
Irving returned to the United States in 1832 and traveled on the Western frontier in the 1830s (with Charles La Trobe[3] for some time) and recorded his glimpses of Western tribes in A Tour on the Prairies (1835). He spoke against the mishandling of relations with the Native American tribes by Europeans and Americans:
| “ | It has been the lot of the unfortunate aborigines of America, in the early periods of colonization, to be doubly wronged by the white men. They have been dispossessed of their hereditary possessions by mercenary and frequently wanton warfare, and their characters have been traduced by bigoted and interested writers. | ” |
The beginning of Prairies Chapter 10 includes the following, interpreted by some literary critics to be a comment on concerns about his public persona:
| “ | We send our youth abroad to grow luxurious and effeminate in Europe; it appears to me, that a previous tour on the prairies would be more likely to produce that manliness, simplicity, and self-dependence, most in unison with our political institutions. | ” |
Irving is also the author of The Adventures of Captain Bonneville and Astoria and used firsthand accounts of these American west journeys, although most readers continue to believe they are "embellished" history.
His second Western book was Astoria; he wrote it during a six-month stay with the then-retired John Jacob Astor. It was a worshipful account of Astor's attempt to establish a fur trading colony at present-day Astoria, Oregon. The three "Western" books were designed to put to rest the notion that Irving's time in England and Spain had made him more European than American. Legends of the Conquest of Spain was published in 1835.
During Irving's stay with Astor, Benjamin Bonneville paid a visit. His tales of his three years in Oregon Country were said to have enthralled Irving. A month or two later, when Irving encountered Bonneville in Washington, D.C., Bonneville, struggling to write about his journey, decided instead to sell his maps and notes to Irving for $1,000. Irving used that material as the basis for his 1837 book The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, which is often considered the best of his three Western books.
Washington's home - Sunnyside - is still standing, just south of the Tappan Zee Bridge in Tarrytown, New York. The original house and the surrounding property were once owned by 18th-century colonialist Wolfert Acker, about whom Irving wrote his sketch Wolfert's Roost (the name of the house). The house is now owned and operated as an historic site by Historic Hudson Valley and is open to the public for tours.
Irving popularized the nickname "Gotham" for New York City, later used in Batman comics and movies, and is credited with inventing the expression "the Almighty dollar".
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[edit] Irving as a Namesake
Irving became the namesake for towns and streets across the United States. The village of Irvington, New York, and the town of Irvington, New Jersey, were named after the author, and also, it is believed, the city of Irving, Texas. Irvington, a community in eastern Indianapolis, is named after Washington Irving. Both Washington Street and Irving Street in Birmingham, Alabama, also bear the author's name. His book Bracebridge Hall was the inspiration for the naming of the town of Bracebridge, Ontario. In addition, a library in Los Angeles, California, is named in his honor. Irving Avenue in Port Chester, N.Y., is named after him, as is a condominium townhouse community along this road called Washington Mews, which was built during the 1980s. The Rip Van Winkle Bridge crosses the Huson River at Catskill, NY. Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum in Bixby, Oklahoma also bears his name.
In Spain, the room at which he stayed in the Alhambra is labelled and referred to as his room and there is a hotel named for him just outside the Alhambra.
The southernmost section of Lexington Avenue in New York City (between 14th and 20th Streets) is named Irving Place, named so after Washington Irving in 1833. A house that stands on the corner of 17th Street and Irving Place is said to have been the one time home of Washington Irving, however that claim seems to have been only a myth [4]. Across the street from this house is the Washington Irving High School (New York City). On the corner of 16th Street and 3rd Avenue (one block east of Irving Place), is the Washington Irving House apartment building. In Roslindale, Massachusetts a Middle School is named for him. In Fremont, California, the districts of Irvington and Washington and their respective high schools (Washington, Irvington) are also named in his honor.
There was also a Washington Irving High School in Clarksburg, West Virginia which was replaced by Robert C. Byrd High School in 1995. Washington Irving HS — or "WI" as it was called by locals — subsequently became the middle school.
[edit] Pen names and associated writings
Geoffrey Crayon
- Bracebridge Hall
- The Devil and Tom Walker
- The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon
- Tales of a Traveller
Diedrich Knickerbocker
- A History of New York
- "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"
- "Rip Van Winkle"
Jonathan Oldstyle
- Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle
[edit] Bibliography
- The Complete Works of Washington Irving. (Richard Rust and others, eds.) (University of Wisconsin Press and Twayne Publishers, 1969-1982). This 30-volume series includes complete scholarly editions of all Irving's prose, as well as four volumes of letters and five volumes of journals and notebooks. Many of the volumes include extensive introductions and detailed biographical and contextual material.
- History, Tales & Sketches: Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.; Salmagundi; A History of New York; The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (James W. Tuttleton, ed.) (Library of America, 1983) ISBN 978-0-94045014-1
- Bracebridge Hall, Tales of a Traveller, The Alhambra (Andrew Myers, ed.) (Library of America, 1991) ISBN 978-0-94045059-2
- Three Western Narratives: A Tour on the Prairies, Astoria, The Adventures of Captain Bonneville (James P. Ronda, ed.) (Library of America, 2004) ISBN 978-1-93108253-2
- The Life of Washington Irving, by Stanley T. Williams, 1935.
- The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving, by Andrew Burstein, 2007.
- Washington Irving: An American Original, by Brian Jay Jones (Arcade, 2008) ISBN 978-1-55970-836-4
- Tales of the Alhambra, by Washington Irving, ISBN 84-7169-018-7
[edit] References
- ^ Stanley T. Williams, Life of Washington Irving, 1935 is still the standard source for Irving's biography. See also Andrew Burstein, The Original Knickerbocker, 2007.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ Jill Eastwood (1967). La Trobe, Charles Joseph (1801 - 1875). Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 2 89-93. MUP. Retrieved on 2007-07-13.
- ^ Gray, Christopher, "The Washington Irving House; Why the Legend of Irving Place Is but a Myth", The New York Times, March 13, 1994
| Preceded by Aaron Vail | U.S. Minister to Spain 1842–1846 | Succeeded by Romulus M. Saunders |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Irving, Washington |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | American short story writer, essayist, biographer |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 3, 1783 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Manhattan, New York, United States |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 28, 1859 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
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