Voiceless glottal fricative

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IPA – number	146
IPA – text	h
IPA – image	Image:Xsampa-h.png
Entity	h
X-SAMPA	`h`
Kirshenbaum	`h`
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiceless glottal transition, commonly called a "fricative", is a type of sound used in some spoken languages which often behaves like a consonant, but sometimes behaves more like a vowel, or is indeterminate in its behavior. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is h, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h. People lacking this sound in their native language often have difficulty trying to produce it - notably, speakers of French.

Although [h] has been described as a voiceless vowel because in many languages it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant, it also lacks the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:

[h and ɦ] have been described as voiceless or breathy voiced counterparts of the vowels that follow them [but] the shape of the vocal tract […] is often simply that of the surrounding sounds. […] Accordingly, in such cases it is more appropriate to regard h and ɦ as segments that have only a laryngeal specification, and are unmarked for all other features. There are other languages [such as Hebrew and Arabic] which show a more definite displacement of the formant frequencies for h, suggesting it has a [glottal] constriction associated with its production.^[1]

1 Features
2 Occurrence
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography

[edit] Features

Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative":

Its phonation type is voiceless, which means that the air passes through the vocal cords without causing them to vibrate.
In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians no longer consider [h] to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation [h], and [h] has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
Because it is pronounced in the throat, without a component in the mouth, the central/lateral dichotomy does not apply.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic		هدهد	[ˈhudhud]	'hoopoe'	See Arabic phonology
Armenian		հայերեն	[hajɛɹɛn]	'Armenian'
Avar		гьа	[ha]	'oath'
Basque		hirur	[hiɾuɾ]	'this'
Chechen		хIара/?	[hara]	'this'
Coptic		ϩⲣⲁ	[hra]	'face'
English		high	[ˈhaɪ]	'high'	See English phonology
Faroese		Hon	[hoːn]	'she'
Finnish		hammas	[hɑmːɑs]	'tooth'	See Finnish phonology
Georgian^[2]		ჰავა	[hɑvɑ]	'three'
German		haben	[haːbən]	'to have'	See German phonology
Hawaiian		haole	[]		See Hawaiian phonology
Hebrew		har	[haʁ]	"mountain"	See Hebrew phonology
Hmong		hawm	[haɨ̰]	'to honor'
Hungarian		helyes	[hɛjɛʃ]	'right'	See Hungarian phonology
Japanese		すはだ/suhada	[sɯhada]	'bare skin'	See Japanese phonology
Korean		호랑이/horang-i	[hoɾaŋi]	'tiger'	See Korean phonology
Kabardian		тхылъхэ	[tχɪɬhɑ]	'books'
Lao		ຫ້າ	[haː˧˩]	'five'
Navajo		example needed	[]
Norwegian		hatt	[hɑtː]	'hat'	See Norwegian phonology
Pashto		ﻫﻮ	[ho]	'yes'
Persian		هفت	[hæft]	'seven'	See Persian phonology
Pirahã		hi	[hì]	'he'
Romanian		hăţ	[həʦ]	'bridle'	See Romanian phonology
Spanish^[3]	Latin American dialects	obispo	[oˈβihpo]	'bishop'	Allophone of /s/. See Spanish phonology
Spanish^[3]	Some dialects	jaca	[ˈhaka]	'pony'	corresponds to /x/ in other dialects.
Thai		ห้า	[haː˥˩]	'five'
Turkish		halı	[häˡɫɨ]	'carpet'	See Turkish phonology
Ubykh		[dwaha]		'prayer'	See Ubykh phonology
Vietnamese		hát	[ hɐːt̚˧˥]	'to sing'	See Vietnamese phonology

[edit] See also

List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

^ Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson (1996). The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwells. ISBN 0-631-19814-8
^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)

[edit] Bibliography

Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264

Consonants (List, table)

Voiceless glottal fricative

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

[edit] Features

[edit] Occurrence

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

Views

Personal tools

Search

Navigation

interaction

Toolbox