Voiceless dental fricative

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IPA – number	130
IPA – text	θ
IPA – image	Image:Xsampa-T2.png
Entity	θ
X-SAMPA	T
Kirshenbaum	T
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is θ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is T. The IPA symbol is the Greek letter theta, which is used for this sound in Greek, and the sound is thus often referred to as "theta". It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in thing.

The dental fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.

Many languages, including widely-spoken ones such as German, Portuguese, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, as well as all Slavic languages, some dialects of English, and the seseante dialects of Spanish, lack this sound. Speakers of such languages and dialects sometimes have difficulty producing or distinguishing it from similar sounds, and typically replace it with a voiceless alveolar fricative, voiceless dental plosive, or a voiceless labiodental fricative^{[citation needed]}.

Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 See also

[edit] Features

Features of the voiceless dental fricative:

• Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is dental which means it is articulated with the tongue on either the lower or the upper teeth, or both.
• Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian		thotë	[θɔːtə]	'to say'
Arabic		ثابت	[ˈθæːbɪt]	'firm'	See Arabic phonology
Amami		[θeda]		'sun'
Arapaho		[jɔːθɔn]		'bee'
Asu		[iðiθo]		'eye'
Berta		[θɪ́ŋɑ̀]		'to eat'
Burmese		?	[θòʊ̃]	'three'
Cornish		eth	[ɛθ]	'eight'
Emiliano-Romagnolo		faza	[ˈfaːθɐ]	'face'
English		thin	[θɪn]	'thin'	See English phonology
Galician		cero	[θeɾo]	'zero'
Greek		θάλασσα	[ˈθalasa]	'sea'	See Modern Greek phonology
Gweno		[riθo]		'eye'
Gwich’in		thał	[θaɬ]	'pants'
Hän		nihthän	[nihθɑn]	'I want'
Harsusi		[θəroː]		'two'
Hlai	Basadung	[θsio]		'one'
Kabyle		faṯ	[faθ]	'to cut'
Karen	Sgaw	[θø˧]		'three'
Karuk		[jiθa]		'one'
Kickapoo		[nɛθwi]		'three'
Kwama		[mɑ̄ˈθíl]		'to laugh'
Lorediakarkar		[θar]		'four'
Massa		[faθ]		'five'
Saanich		?	[teθʔəs]	'eight'
Sardinian	Nuorese	pècia	[pɛθa]	'meat'
Shark Bay		[θar]		'four'
Shawnee		nthwi	[nθwɪ]	'three'
Sioux	Nakota	?	[ktũˈθa]	'four'
Spanish[1]		cazar	[kaˈθaɾ]	'to hunt'	Merged with /s/ in Latin American dialects. See Spanish phonology
Swahili		thamini	[θɑmini]	'value'
Tanacross		thiit	[θiːtʰ]	'embers'
Toda		[wɨnboθ]		'nine'
Turkmen		sekiz	[θekið]	'eight'
Tutchone	Northern	tho	[θo]	'pants'
	Southern	thü	[θɨ]
Upland Yuman	Havasupai	[θerap]		'five'
	Hualapai	[θarap]
	Yavapai	[θerapi]
Welayta		[ɕiθθa]		'flower'
Welsh		saith	[saiθ]	'seven'
Western Neo-Aramaic		?	[θloːθa]	'three'

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bilabial Lab'den. Dental Alveolar Postalv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn. Epiglottal Glottal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǁ ǃ ǂ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Other laterals  ɺ ɫ Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.

br:Kensonenn dent dre daravat divouezh

ca:Fricativa dental sorda cs:Neznělá dentální frikativa de:Stimmloser dentaler Frikativ fr:Consonne fricative dentale sourde ko:무성 치 마찰음 it:Fricativa dentale sorda ja:無声歯摩擦音 pl:Spółgłoska szczelinowa międzyzębowa bezdźwięczna pt:Fricativa dental surda ro:Consoană fricativă dentală surdă sv:Tonlös dental frikativa zh:清齒擦音