Voiceless alveolar fricative
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| It has been suggested that alveolar ejective fricative be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) |
| IPA – number | 132 |
| IPA – text | s |
| IPA – image | Image:Xsampa-s.png |
| Entity | s |
| X-SAMPA | s |
| Kirshenbaum | s |
| Sound sample | |
The voiceless alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
- The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is s, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is s. The IPA symbol [s] is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants unless modified by a diacritic ([s̪] and [s̠] respectively).
- The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be θ̠ or ɹ̝̊, or it can be [θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA. [1]
| Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| retroflex | palato- alveolar | alveolo- palatal | ||||
| sibilant | s̪ | s͇ | s̠ | ʂ | ʃ | ɕ |
| non-sibilant | θ | θ̠/θ͇/ɹ̝̊ | ɻ̝̊ | |||
Contents |
[edit] Voiceless alveolar sibilant
The voiceless alveolar sibilant is one of the most common consonants. If a language has fricatives, it will most likely have an [s].[2] However, [s] is absent from Australian Aboriginal languages, where fricatives are rare, and the few languages that have developed fricatives do not have sibilants.
[edit] Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is produced by directing air flow through a groove in the tongue at the place of articulation and directing it over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
[edit] Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [s̺] and laminal [s̻].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basque | zu | [s̻u] | 'you' | ||
| su | [s̺u] | 'fire' | |||
| Burmese | ? | [sə sá bjì] | 'I am eating now' | ||
| Catalan[3] | sis | [sis] | 'six' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Czech | svět | [svjɛt] | 'world' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch | steen | [sten] | 'stone' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | sand | [sænd] | 'sand' | See English phonology | |
| Faroese | sandur | [sandʊɹ] | 'sand' | ||
| Finnish | sinä | [sinæ] | 'you (sg.) | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | façade | [fasad] | 'front' | See French phonology | |
| Galician | tres | [tɾes̺] | 'three' | ||
| Georgian[4] | სამი | [ˈsɑmi] | 'three' | ||
| German | Biss | [bɪs] | 'bite' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | σαν | [s̺an] | 'as' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hungarian | sziget | [sigɛt] | 'island' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Japanese | 複数形/fukusūkē | [ɸɯkɯsɯːkeː] | 'plural' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Norwegian | sand | [sɑn] | 'sand' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Occitan | Gascon | dos | [dys̺] | 'two' | |
| Languedocien | [dus̺] | ||||
| Limousin | maichent | [mejˈsẽ] | 'bad' | ||
| Spanish[5] | Latin American | saltador | [s̻al̪t̪aˈð̞o̞ɾ] | 'jumper' | See Spanish phonology and seseo. |
| Peninsular | [s̺al̪t̪aˈð̞o̞ɾ] | ||||
| Turkish | su | [su] | 'water' | See Turkish phonology | |
[edit] Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
[edit] Features
The features of the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative are identical to those above, except that,
- Its manner of articulation is simple fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence, but without the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Scouse[6] | attain | [əˈθ̠eɪn] | 'attain' | Allophone of /t/ See English phonology |
| Icelandic | þakið | [θ̠akið̠] | 'roof' | See Icelandic phonology | |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Pandeli et al (1997:?)
- ^ Maddieson (1984:?)
- ^ Recansesn & Pallarès (2001:?)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)
- ^ Marotta & Barth (2005:385)
[edit] Bibliography
- Honeybone, P (2001), "Lenition inhibition in Liverpool English", English Language and Linguistics 5 (2): 213-249
- Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sound, Camebridge University Press
- Marotta, Giovanna & Marlen Barth (2005), "Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English", Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online 3 (2): 377-413
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
- Pandeli, H; J Eska & Martin Ball et al., "Problems of phonetic transcription: the case of the Hiberno-English slit-t", Journal of the International Phonetic Association'' 27: 65-75
- Recansens, Daniel & Maria Dolores Pallarès (2001), "Coarticulation, Assimilation and Blending in Catalan Consonant Clusters", Journal of Phonetics 29 (3): 273-301
- Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
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| This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
br:Kensonenn kevig dre daravat divouezh cs:Neznělá alveolární frikativa de:Stimmloser alveolarer Frikativ fr:Consonne fricative alvéolaire sourde hr:Bezvučni alveolarni frikativ ko:무성 치경 마찰음 it:Fricativa alveolare sorda ja:無声歯茎摩擦音 pl:Spółgłoska szczelinowa dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna pt:Fricativa alveolar surda ro:Consoană fricativă alveolară surdă sv:Tonlös alveolar frikativa zh:清齒齦擦音
