Voiced velar fricative

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IPA – number	141
IPA – text	ɣ
IPA – image	Image:Xsampa-G2.png
Entity	ɣ
X-SAMPA	G
Kirshenbaum	Q
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in various spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɣ (a variant of the Greek letter gamma, which is used for this sound in Modern Greek; not to be confused with ɤ, the symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is G. The symbol ɣ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, though that is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic, ɣ˕; when the velar approximant of a language is specifically unrounded, ɰ is more accurate as ɣ can labialized ([ɣ˕ʷ]).

Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced velar fricative:

• Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is velar which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Alekano		gamó	[ɣɑmɤʔ]	'cucumber'
Angor		ranihı	[ɾɑniɣə]	'brother'
Angas		γür	[ɣyr]	'to pick up'
Arabic		غرفة	[ˈɣʊrfɛ̈]	'room'	May be post-velar or uvular depending on dialect. See Arabic phonology
Asu		[fiɣo]		'kidney'
Azerbaijani		ağac	[aɣad​ʒ]	'tree'
Chechen		гӀала/ġala	[ɣa:la]	'town'
Danish		vælge	[ˈvɛlɣə]	'to choose'	Used mainly by older speakers. See Danish phonology
Dinka		ɣo	[ɣo]	'us'
Dutch		gaan	[ɣaːn]	'to go'	See Dutch phonology
Georgian[1]		ღარიბი	[ɣɑribi]	'poor'	May actually be post-velar or uvular
Ghari		cheghe	[tʃeɣe]	'five'
Greek		γάλα	[ˈɣala]	'milk'	See Modern Greek phonology
Gweno		[ndeɣe]		'bird'
Gwich'in		videeghàn	[viteːɣân]	'his/her chest'
Hän		dëgëghor	[təkəɣor]	'I am playing.'
Irish		dhorn	[ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ]	'fist'	See Irish phonology
Iwaidja		[mulaɣa]		'hermit crab'
Japanese		はげ	[haɣe]	'baldness'	Especially in fast and/or casual speech, See Japanese phonology
Navajo		’aghá	[ʔaɣa]	'best'
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect	[nøɣə̀]		'sun'
Occitan	Gascon	digoc	[diˈɣuk]	'said (3sg.)'
Pashto		غاتر	[ɣɑtər]	'mule'
Persian		کاغذ	[kɒɣæz]	'paper'	See Persian phonology
Polish		niechże	[ɲɛɣʐɛ]	'let', 'suppose'	See Polish phonology
Northern Qiang		?	[ɣnəʂ]	'February'
Romani	Lithuanian	γoines	[ɣoines]	'good'
Sindhi		غم	[ɣəmʊ]	'sadness'
Swahili		ghali	[ɣali]	'expensive'
Tadaksahak		?	[zoɣ]	'war'
Tajik		ғафс	[ɣafs]	'thick'
Tiwi		ngaga	[ˈŋaɣa]	'we inclusive'
Turkish		ağaç	[aɣatʃ]	'tree'	Certain dialects. See Turkish phonology
Tutchone	Northern	ihghú	[ihɣǔ]	'tooth'
	Southern	ghra	[ɣra]	'baby'
Vietnamese		gã	[ɣɐ̰ː˩˥]	'fellow'	See Vietnamese phonology

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bilabial Lab'den. Dental Alveolar Postalv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn. Epiglottal Glottal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǁ ǃ ǂ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Other laterals  ɺ ɫ Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.

bn:ঘোষ পশ্চাত্তালব্য ঊষ্মধ্বনি

br:Kensonenn drekstaon dre daravat mouezhiet cs:Znělá velární frikativa de:Stimmhafter velarer Frikativ fr:Consonne fricative vélaire voisée ko:유성 연구개 마찰음 ja:有声軟口蓋摩擦音 pl:Spółgłoska szczelinowa miękkopodniebienna dźwięczna fi:Soinnillinen velaarinen frikatiivi sv:Tonande velar frikativa zh:濁軟顎擦音