Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
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| Victor Emanuel III | |
|---|---|
| King of Italy, Emperor of Ethiopia, King of Albania | |
| Image:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.jpg | |
| Reign | July 29, 1900 - May 9, 1946 |
| Coronation | July 29, 1900 |
| Born | November 11, 1869 |
| Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg Naples, Italy | |
| Died | December 28 1947 (aged 78) |
| Image:Flag of Egypt 1922.svg Alexandria, Egypt | |
| Predecessor | Umberto I |
| Successor | Umberto II |
| Consort | Elena of Montenegro |
| Issue | Yolanda Mafalda Umberto Giovanna Maria Francesca |
| Royal House | House of Savoy |
| Royal anthem | Marcia Reale |
| Father | Umberto I |
| Mother | Queen Margherita |
Victor Emmanuel III (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele III; 11 November, 1869 – 28 December, 1947) was King of Italy (29 July, 1900 – 9 May, 1946), Emperor of Ethiopia (1936–43) and King of Albania (1939–43). During his long reign, Victor Emmanuel III saw two world wars and the birth, rise and fall of Fascism.
Contents |
[edit] Biography
[edit] Early years
Victor Emanuel was born in Naples, the only child of Umberto I, King of Italy and his consort, Princess Margherita of Savoy, daughter of the duke of Genoa. He ascended the throne in 1900 upon his father's assassination.
The only advice that his father Umberto ever gave his heir was that "Remember: to be a king, all you need to know is how to sign your name, read a newspaper, and mount a horse". His early years showed evidence that, by the standards of the Savoy monarchy, he was a man committed to constitutional government. Indeed, even though his father was killed by an anarchist, the new king showed a commitment to constitutional freedoms.
Though Italy was a parliamentary democracy, the monarchy possessed considerable residual powers, including the right to appoint the Prime Minister, even if the individual in question did not command majority support in the Chamber of Deputies. A shy and somewhat withdrawn individual, the King hated the day-to-day stresses of Italian politics, though the country's chronic political instability forced him to intervene no less than ten times between 1900 and 1922 to prevent parliamentary crises.
When World War I began, Italy remained neutral at first. However, in 1915, Italy signed several secret treaties committing to enter the war on the side of the Allies. Most of the people opposed war, however, and the Italian Chamber of Deputies forced Prime Minister Antonio Salandra to resign. Victor Emmanuel, however, declined Salandra's resignation and made the decision to enter the war himself. He legally had the right to make this decision under the Statuto Albertino, popular opposition to the war notwithstanding. However, the corrupt and disorganised war effort, the stunning loss of life suffered by the Italian army, especially at the great defeat of Caporetto, and the economic depression that followed the war turned the King against what he perceived as an inefficient political bourgeoisie.
[edit] Support to Mussolini
The economic depression had given rise to much extremism among the sorely-tried working classes, and Benito Mussolini took advantage of this instability for his rise to power, which led to the March on Rome. Prime Minister Luigi Facta and his cabinet drafted a decree of martial law, but the King refused to sign it. The King suggested that his armed forces could not have defended the city against the Fascist march, though testimony from the military leaders and surviving military records challenge his claim.
Fascist violence had been growing in intensity throughout the summer and autumn of 1922, climaxing with the rumours of a possible coup. Victor Emmanuel had all the means at his disposal to sweep Mussolini and his rag-tag Blackshirt army to one side. General Badoglio told the King that military would be able to rout the rebels, no more than 10,000 men, without any difficulty. Thereupon Victor Emmanuel ordered Luigi Facta, then Prime Minister, to protect Rome and draw up decree proclaiming martial law.
The troops were totally loyal to the King. Even Cesare Maria De Vecchi, commander of the Blackshirts, and one of the organisers of the March on Rome, told Mussolini that he would not act against the wishes of the monarch. It was at this point that the Fascist leader considered leaving Italy altogether. But then, in the minute before midnight, he received a telegram from the King inviting him to Rome. By midday on 30 October he had been appointed Prime Minister, at the age of thirty-nine, with no previous experience of office, and with only 35 Fascist deputies in the Chamber. Thus it was that Italian democracy died.
Later, the King's failure, in the face of mounting evidence, to move against the Mussolini regime's abuses of power (including, as early as 1924, the notorious assassination of Giacomo Matteotti and other opposition MPs) led to much criticism. Though the King claimed in his memoirs that it was the fear of a civil war that motivated his actions, it would seem that he received some 'alternative' advice, possibly from Antonio Salandra, an ultra conservative politician and former Prime Minister, and General Armando Diaz, that it would be better to do a deal with Mussolini. There were also pro-Fascist elements in his immediate family, including Margherita of Savoy, his mother.
Whatever the circumstances, Victor Emmanuel showed weakness in a position of strength, with dire future consequences for Italy and for the monarchy itself. It has been alleged that Victor Emmanuel's decisions showed not only poor judgment but also undemocratic sentiments. What is not in doubt is that Fascism offered political stability and opposition to left-wing radicalism. This appealed to many people in Italy at the time, and certainly to the King. In many ways, the events from 1922 to 1943 demonstrated that the monarchy and the moneyed class, for different reasons, felt Mussolini and his regime offered an option that, after years of political chaos, was more appealing than what they perceived as the alternative: socialism and anarchism. Both the spectre of the Russian Revolution and the tragedies of World War I played large roles in these political decisions.The Italian monarchy enjoyed popular support for decades. Foreigners noted how even as late as the 1940s newsreel images of King Victor Emmanuel and his strikingly beautiful Queen Elena, born a Princess of Montenegro, evoked applause, sometimes cheering, when played in cinemas, in contrast to the hostile silence shown toward images of Fascist leaders. Several of Victor Emmanuel's decisions, however, proved fatal to the monarchy.
Among these was the assumption of the crown of Ethiopia, which was not universally accepted, after the Italian Army had invaded what was then known in the west as Abyssinia and overthrown Emperor Haile Selassie, in 1935-36. In addition, Victor Emanuel kept a public silence in 1938, when the Fascist government, under Hitlerite pressure, issued its notorious racial purity laws, leaving his Jewish subjects open to persecution. These laws (about which he did make some complaints to Mussolini in private) constituted a clear violation of both his Coronation oath and his oath to the constitution. The fact that large numbers of Italians risked their lives to save not only their Jewish fellow citizens but also Jewish refugees from other countries only deepened their contempt for a King who had dragged them into an alliance with the Germans that they had never wanted.
[edit] Final efforts to save crown & country
Victor Emmanuel called Mussolini to the palace on July 25, 1943; removed him from office and named Marshal Pietro Badoglio as Mussolini's replacement. He then renounced the usurped Ethiopian and Albanian crowns in favor of the legitimate monarchs of those states, Emperor Haile Sellassie I of Ethiopia and King Zog I of Albania.
Victor Emmanuel then made another blunder when he negotiated a surrender to the Allies without ordering the army to defend Rome. Left without orders, the army virtually disintegrated; those who didn't surrender joined forces with the Germans. Fearing a German advance, Victor Emmanuel and his government fled south to Brindisi. This choice, though perhaps necessary for his safety, shocked many, including foreign observers. They drew contrasts to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, who refused to leave London during the Blitz, and of Pope Pius XII, who mixed with Rome's crowds and prayed with them after the working class Roman neighborhood of Quartiere San Lorenzo was bombed and destroyed.
Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son, Crown Prince Umberto, in April 1944, then appointed him Lieutenant General of the Realm after Rome was liberated in 1944, (relinquishing his remaining power while retaining the royal title). Within a year, public opinion forced a plebiscite to decide between retaining the monarchy or becoming a republic. In hopes of influencing the vote, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated on May 9, 1946. It did not work; 54% of the voters favored declaring a republic in the referendum held less than a month later (although widespread irregularities in the vote have been alleged, particularly in southern Italy), and the Savoy family was required to leave the country.
Taking refuge in Egypt, Victor Emmanuel died in Alexandria in 1947 and was buried there.
[edit] Legacy
He has been seldom treated sympathetically by historians. His almost forced abdication on the eve of a referendum on the future of the Italian monarchy achieved nothing — being too little, far too late. At worst, it reminded undecided voters of the role the monarchy and the King's own actions (or inactions) had played during the Fascist period, at precisely the moment when monarchists were hoping that voters would focus on the positive impression created by Crown Prince Umberto and Princess Maria José as the de facto monarchs of Italy since 1944. The 'May' King and Queen, Umberto and Maria José, in their brief, month-long reign, were unable to shift the burden of recent history and opinion.
[edit] Ancestors
| Victor Emmanuel III of Italy | Father: Umberto I of Italy | Paternal Grandfather: Victor Emmanuel II of Italy | Paternal Great-grandfather: Charles Albert of Sardinia |
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Maria Teresa of Tuscany | |||
| Paternal Grandmother: Maria Adelaide of Austria | Paternal Great-grandfather: Archduke Rainer of Austria | ||
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Princess Elisabeth of Savoy-Carignan | |||
| Mother: Margherita of Savoy | Maternal Grandfather: Ferdinand, 1st Duke of Genoa | Maternal Great-grandfather: Charles Albert of Sardinia | |
| Maternal Great-grandmother: Maria Teresa of Tuscany | |||
| Maternal Grandmother: Princess Elizabeth of Saxony | Maternal Great-grandfather: John of Saxony | ||
| Maternal Great-grandmother: Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria |
[edit] Family
In 1896 he married princess Elena of Montenegro (1873–1953), daughter of Nicholas I, King of Montenegro. Their issue included:
- Yolanda Margherita Milena Elisabetta Romana Maria (1901-1986), married to Giorgio Carlo Calvi, Count Bergolo, (1887–1977);
- Mafalda Maria Elisabetta Anna Romana (1902–44), married to Prince Philip of Hesse-Kassel (1896–1980) with issue; she died in the Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald;
- Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni Maria, later Umberto II, King of Italy (1904–1983) married to Princess Marie José of Belgium, with issue.
- Giovanna Elisabetta Antonia Romana Maria (1907–2000), married to Boris III, King of Bulgaria, and mother of Simeon II, King and later Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
- Maria Francesca Anna Romana (1914–2001), who married Prince Luigi of Bourbon-Parma (1899–1967), with issue.
[edit] References
- Mack Smith, Denis (1989). Italy and its Monarchy. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05132-8.
[edit] External links
| Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Born: 11 November 1869 Died: 28 December 1947
| ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Umberto I | King of Italy 29 July 1900 – 9 May 1946 | Succeeded by Umberto II |
| Emperor of Ethiopia (not recognised internationally) 1936–41 | ||
| Preceded by Zog I | King of Albania 1939–43 | Succeeded by Enver Hoxha as Leader of Albania |
Heads of State of Albania | |
|---|---|
| State/Principality of Albania (1912-1920) | Qemali · Alizoti · Prince William · Toptani · none (1916-1918) · Përmeti |
| State of Albania (1920-1925) | Delvina · High Council of Regency · Noli* |
| Albanian Republic (1925-1928), President | Zogu |
| Albanian Kingdom (1928-1939), King | Zog I |
| Italian Occupation (1939-1943) | Victor Emmanuel III |
| German Occupation (1943-1944) | Biçaku · Frashëri |
| Communist Albania (1944-1991) | Nishani · Lleshi · Alia |
| Republic of Albania (since 1991), Presidents | Alia · Berisha · Meidani · Moisiu · Topi |
* acting for High Council | |
Heads of State of Ethiopia since 1889 | |
|---|---|
| Solomonic dynasty (1889-1936), Emperors | Menelik II · Iyasu V · Zewditu I · Haile Selassie I |
| Italian Occupation (1936-1941) | Victor Emmanuel III |
| Solomonic dynasty (1941-1974), Emperor | Haile Selassie I |
| Derg (1974-1987), Chairmen | Aman† · Mengistu† · Tafari† · Mengistu† |
| People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987-1991), Presidents | Mengistu · Tesfaye†* |
| Ethiopia (since 1991), Presidents | Meles* · Negasso · Girma |
*acting †military | |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Savoy, Victor Emmanuel |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | King of Italy, Emperor of Ethiopia, King of Albania |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 29 July, 1900 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | |
| DATE OF DEATH | 9 May, 1946 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Alexandria, Egypt |
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Categories: 1869 births | 1947 deaths | Albanian monarchs | Claimant Kings of Jerusalem | Italian monarchs | Exiles | House of Savoy | Kings of Sardinia | Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle | Knights of the Garter | Knights of the Golden Fleece | Recipients of Virtuti Militari | People from Naples | Roman Catholic monarchs | Rulers of Ethiopia | Italian people of World War I | World War II political leaders
