Velar nasal

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IPA – number	119
IPA – text	ŋ
IPA – image	Image:Xsampa-N2.png
Entity	ŋ
X-SAMPA	N
Kirshenbaum	N
Sound sample (help·info)

The velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ŋ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N.

As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas, nor in a large number of European or Middle Eastern languages. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, only about half have a velar nasal^{[citation needed]}. As with the voiced velar plosive, the relative rarity of the velar nasal is undoubtedly due to the fact that the small oral cavity used to produce velar consonants makes it more difficult for voicing to be sustained. It also makes it much more difficult to allow air to escape through the nose as is required for a nasal consonant.

In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants.

Contents 1 Features 2 Varieties of [ŋ] 3 Occurrence 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 See also

[edit] Features

Features of the velar nasal:

• Its manner of articulation is stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
• Its place of articulation is velar which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter n with a leftward tail protruding from the bottom of the right stem of the letter. Compare n and ŋ. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly called as "eng" or "engma" and sometimes in reference to Greek, "angma". The symbol ŋ should not be confused with ɳ, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem or with ɲ, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.

[edit] Varieties of [ŋ]

IPA	Description
ŋ	plain ŋ
ŋ̊	voiceless ŋ
ŋ̍	syllabic ŋ
ŋ̈	breathy voiced ŋ
ŋ̃	creaky voiced ŋ
ŋʷ	labialized ŋ

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aleut	Dali dialect	chaang	[tʃɑːŋ]	'five'
Bai		?	[ŋv˩˧]	'fish'
Cantonese		梗/gang2	[kɐŋ˧˥]	'flower stem'	See Standard Cantonese
Catalan		sang	[saŋ]	'blood'	See Catalan phonology
Chukchi		ңыроқ	[ŋəɹoq]	'two'
Czech		tank	[taŋk]	'tank'	See Czech phonology
Dinka		ŋa	[ŋa]	'who'
Dutch		angst	[ɑŋst]	'fear'	See Dutch phonology
English		sing	[sɪŋ]	'sing'	Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology
Fijian		gone	[ˈŋone]	'child'
Finnish		langan	[lɑŋːɑn]	'of the thread'	See Finnish phonology
French		parking	[paʀkiŋ]	'parking lot'	See French phonology
Galician		unha	[ˈuŋa]	'one', 'a' (feminine)
German		lang	[laŋ]	'long'	See German phonology
Greek		αποτυγχάνω	[aˌpo̞tiŋˈxano̞]	'I fail (to fail)'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hindi		रङ्ग	[rəŋg]	'color'	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian		ing	[iŋg]	'shirt'	See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic		göng	[ˈkøyŋk]	?	See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian		bangun	[baŋun]	'wake up'
Irish		ceann carrach	[caŋ ˈkaɾˠəx]	'a scabbed one'	See Irish phonology
Italian		anche	[ˈaŋke]	'also'	See Italian phonology
Itelmen		қниң	[qniŋ]	'one'
Japanese	Standard	南極/nankyoku	[naŋkʲokɯ]	'the South Pole'	See Japanese phonology
	Eastern dialects	鍵/kagi	[kaŋi]	'key'
Ket		аяң	[ajaŋ]	'to damn'
Korean		방/bang	[paŋ]	'room'	See Korean phonology
Mandarin		北京/Běijīng	[peɪ˨˩ tɕiŋ˥˥]	'Beijing'	See Standard Mandarin
Nivkh		ңамг	[ŋamg]	'seven'
Norwegian		gang	[gɑŋ]	'hallway'	See Norwegian phonology
Polish		bank	[baŋk]	'bank'	See Polish phonology
Occitan	Provençal	vin	[viŋ]	'wine'
Seri		comcáac	[koŋˈkaak]	'Seri people'
Spanish[1]		domingo	[d̪o̞ˈmiŋgo̞]	'Sunday'	See Spanish phonology
Swahili		ng'ombe	[ŋɔmbɛ]	'cow'
Swedish		bank	[baŋkʰ]	'bank'	See Swedish phonology

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bilabial Lab'den. Dental Alveolar Postalv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn. Epiglottal Glottal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǁ ǃ ǂ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Other laterals  ɺ ɫ Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.

als:Velarer Nasal

bn:পশ্চাত্তালব্য নাসিক্যধ্বনি br:Kensonenn drekstaon dre fri mouezhiet cs:Velární nazála de:Stimmhafter velarer Nasal es:Nasal velar fr:Consonne occlusive nasale vélaire voisée ko:연구개 비음 it:Nasale velare lv:Velārs nazāls līdzskanis ja:軟口蓋鼻音 pl:Spółgłoska nosowa tylnojęzykowo-miękkopodniebienna ro:Consoană nazală velară se:Ŋ fi:Velaarinen nasaali sv:Velar nasal