Uvular consonant

Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. Uvulars may be plosives, fricatives, nasal stops, trills, or approximants, though the IPA does not provide a separate symbol for the approximant, and the symbol for the voiced fricative is used instead. Uvular affricates can certainly be made but are very rare: they may occur in a few African and Native American languages.

The uvular consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

IPA	Description	Example
IPA	Description	Language	Orthography	IPA	Meaning
Image:Xsampa-Nslash.png	uvular nasal	Japanese	日本 Nihon	[ni.hoɴ]	Japan
Image:Xsampa-q.png	voiceless uvular plosive	Kazakh	Қазақ Qazaq	[qɑzɑq]	Kazakh
Image:Xsampa-Gslash.png	voiced uvular plosive	Inuktitut	utirama	[ʔutiɢama]	because I return
Image:Xsampa-x2.png	voiceless uvular fricative	Castilian Spanish	hijo	[ˈiχo]	son
Image:Xsampa-R2.png	voiced uvular fricative	Lakhota (LLC orthography)	aǧúyapi	[ˌʔaˈʁʊjab̥ˑi]	bread
Image:Xsampa-Rslash.png	uvular trill	French (Standard Paris Dialect)	Paris	[paˈʀi]	Paris
Image:IPA uvular ejective.png	uvular ejective	Cusco Quechua	q'allu	[ˈq̕aʎu]	tomato sauce
Image:Xsampa-Gslash lessthan.png	voiced uvular implosive	Mam		[ʛa]	fire

English has no uvular consonants, and they are unknown in the indigenous languages of Australia and the Pacific. Uvular consonants are however found in many African and Middle-Eastern languages, most notably Arabic, and in Native American languages. In parts of the Caucasus mountains and northwestern North America, nearly every language has uvular stops and fricatives. Two uvular Rs are found in north-western Europe, where they spread from northern French.

The voiceless uvular plosive is transcribed as [q] in both the IPA and SAMPA. It is pronounced somewhat like the voiceless velar plosive [k], but with the middle of the tongue further back, against the uvula rather than the velum. The most familiar use will doubtless be in the transliteration of Arabic place names such as Qatar and Iraq into English, though, since English lacks this sound, this is generally pronounced as the most similar sound that occurs in English, [k].

[ɢ], the voiced equivalent of [q], is much rarer. It is like the voiced velar plosive [g], but articulated in the same uvular position as [q]. Few languages use this sound, but it is found in some varieties of Persian and in several Northeast Caucasian languages, notably Tabasaran.

The voiceless uvular fricative [χ] is similar to the voiceless velar fricative [x], except that it is articulated on the uvula. It is found instead of [x] in some dialects of German and Arabic.

The Tlingit language of the Alaskan Panhandle has ten uvular consonants:

tenuis plosive	qákʷ	tree spine
aspirated plosive	qʰákʷ	basket
ejective stop	qʼakʷ	screech owl
labialized tenuis plosive	náaqʷ	octopus
labialized aspirated plosive	qʷʰáan	people, tribe
labialized ejective stop	qʷʼátɬ	cooking pot
voiceless fricative	χaakʷ	fingernail
ejective fricative	χʼáakʷ	freshwater sockeye salmon
labialized voiceless fricative	χʷastáa	canvas, denim
labialized ejective fricative	χʷʼáaɬʼ	down (feathers)

and the Ubykh language of Turkey has 20.

[edit] Uvular Rhotics

The uvular trill [ʀ] is used in certain dialects (especially those associated with European capitals) of French, German, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish and Norwegian, as well as Hebrew, for the rhotic phoneme. In many of these it has a uvular fricative (either voiced [ʁ] or voiceless [χ]) as an allophone when it follows one of the voiceless stops /p/, /t/, or /k/ at the end of a word, as in maître [mɛtχ].

As with most trills, uvular trills are often reduced to a single contact, especially between vowels.

Unlike other uvular consonants, the uvular trill is articulated without a retraction of the tongue, and therefore doesn't lower neighboring high vowels the way uvular stops commonly do.

Several other languages, including Inuktitut, Abkhaz and some varieties of Arabic, have a voiced uvular fricative but do not treat it as a rhotic consonant.

In Lakhota the uvular trill is an allophone of the voiced uvular fricative before /i/.

[edit] See also

Consonants (List, table)

Uvular consonant

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Uvular Rhotics

[edit] See also

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