Treaty of Berlin (1878)

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The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Hamid revised the Treaty of San Stefano signed on March 3 of the same year.

The treaty recognized the complete independence of the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria, though the latter remained under formal Ottoman overlordship and was divided between the Principality of Bulgaria and the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia, undoing Russian plans for an independent and Russophile "Greater Bulgaria". The Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina as well as the former Sanjak of Novi Pazar were placed under Austro-Hungarian occupation, though formally remaining a part of the Ottoman Empire.

The three newly-independent states subsequently proclaimed themselves kingdoms (Romania in 1881, Serbia in 1882 and Montenegro in 1910), while Bulgaria proclaimed full independence in 1908 after uniting with Eastern Rumelia in 1885. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908, sparking a major European crisis.

The Treaty of Berlin accorded special legal status to some religious groups; it also served as a model for the Minorities System that was subsequently established within the framework of the League of Nations.^[1]

The Treaty also vaguely called for a border rectification between Greece and the Ottoman Empire which occurred after protracted negotiations in 1881 with the transfer of Thessaly to Greece.

v • d • e Diplomacy of the Great Powers 1871-1913
Great Powers	Austria-Hungary · British Empire · French Third Republic · German Empire · Italy · Russian Empire
Treaties and agreements	Treaty of Frankfurt · League of the Three Emperors · Treaty of Berlin · German-Austrian Alliance · Triple Alliance · Reinsurance Treaty · Franco-Russian Alliance · Anglo-Japanese Alliance · Entente cordiale · Treaty of Björkö · Anglo-Russian Entente · Triple Entente
Events	Russo-Turkish War · Congress of Berlin · Scramble for Africa · Fleet Acts · The Great Game · First Sino-Japanese War · Fashoda Incident · Pan-Slavism · Boxer Rebellion · Boer War · Russo-Japanese War · First Moroccan Crisis · Dreadnought · Agadir Crisis · Bosnian crisis · Italo-Turkish War · Balkan wars

[edit] See also

• List of treaties

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Buergenthal, Thomas (July 1, 2002). International Human Rights in a Nutshell (3rd Edition). West Publishing Company. ISBN 0-314-26014-5.  p. 7

bg:Берлински договор

bs:Berlinski kongres ca:Tractat de Berlín, 1878 de:Berliner Vertrag 1878 es:Congreso de Berlín de 1878 fr:Traité de Berlin de 1878 it:Trattato di Berlino (1878) ja:ベルリン条約 (1878年) ka:ბერლინის ხელშეკრულება, 1878 nl:Vrede van Berlijn (1878) no:Traktaten i Berlin, 1878 pt:Tratado de Berlim (1878) ru:Берлинский трактат (1878) sl:Berlinski kongres sr:Берлински конгрес zh:1878年柏林條約