Three-point field goal

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In basketball, a three-point field goal, three-pointer, three-point shot, or simply three is a field goal made from beyond the three point line, a designated semi-ellipsoid arc radiating from the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points given for shots made inside the three point line.

The traditional three-point play occurs when a shooter successfully scores a basket while being fouled, and then scores the ensuing single free throw. The phrase "and one" is commonly used to signify that the shooter's basket was good and that a single free throw will be awarded, indicating a possible three-point play.

[edit] History

A three-point rule was tested in 1933 at the suggestion of Herman Sayger of Tiffin, Ohio. Sayger demonstrated new rules designed to eliminate the center jump and establish a new scoring system in a game played by high school athletes in Tiffin, Ohio. Sayger's scoring system consisted of an arc fifteen feet from the basket, and an arc 25 feet from the basket. Shots made from within the fifteen-foot arc counted as one point, shots made from between the two arcs counted as two points, and shots made from outside the 25 foot arc were worth three points. The three-point rule was first tested, at the collegiate level, in a 1945 National Collegiate Athletic Association game between Columbia and Fordham but professional basketball would be the first to adopt the rule on a permanent basis. The short-lived American Basketball League did so in 1961, and the Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963-64 season. The three-point shot later became popularized by the ABA after its introduction in 1968. During the 1970s, the ABA would use the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA). In the 1979–80 season, the NBA officially adopted the three-point shot. On October 12, 1979, Chris Ford scored the NBA's first three-point shot, and Fred Brown led the league in three-point field goal percentage in that first season of adoption. The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984.

The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot line in 1980. Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and the distance they required for a three-point shot. The NCAA adopted the 19-foot, 9-inch line nationally in 1986. On May 3, 2007 the NCAA rules committee decided to lengthen the three point line to 20 feet 9 inches. This rule will come into effect at the beginning of the 2008-09 season. J.J. Redick currently holds the NCAA Division I record with 457 three-point field goals while shooting 40.4% from three-point range for his career.

During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996-97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring (due to tougher style defenses) by shortening the overall distance of the line to a uniform 22 feet (6.7 m) around the basket. Dennis Scott used this rule change to set a record for most three-pointers in a season: 267 in 1995–96. (This record was surpassed by Ray Allen with 269 in the 2005-06 season.) In the same season, the legendary Michael Jordan, who was never known for his three-point shooting, used the closer arc to his advantage as he established a career high with a three-point field goal percentage of almost 43%. From the 1997–98 season, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 feet, 9 inches (22 feet at the corners). With the legalization of zone defense in 2001, the three-point shot became more important, because of its ability to stretch out a zone.

Three-point field goals taken near the end of a close game, therefore deciding the game's outcome, make for dramatic finishes. Some notable occurrences of this include when:

1. San Antonio Spurs' Sean Elliott caught the inbounds pass very near the sideline. He stayed balanced on his tiptoes while turning to shoot a three point shot, careful not to set his heels down and turn the ball over. With Rasheed Wallace leaping at him trying to block the shot attempt, Elliott arced his attempt over Wallace's outstretched hand and into the hoop. The basket gave the Spurs an 86-85 lead, their first lead of the ballgame. Time expired some nine seconds later, and the 86-85 score held up as a final. The Spurs took a 2-0 lead in the 1999 Western Conference Finals.
2. Chicago Bulls' John Paxson scored a three-point field goal to defeat the Phoenix Suns in the deciding game of the 1993 NBA Finals. This was the only three-point shot to win an NBA championship.
3. Indiana Pacers' Reggie Miller scored consecutive three-point shots to beat the New York Knicks in the last seconds of the first game of the 1995 Eastern Conference Semi-Finals. As of 2007, Miller holds the NBA three-point field-goal record (2,560).
4. Utah Jazz's John Stockton scored a three-pointer at the buzzer on an inbound pass from Bryon Russell to defeat the Houston Rockets 103-100 in Game 6 of the 1997 Western Conference Finals to defeat the Rockets 4-2 and send the Utah Jazz to their first NBA Finals.
5. New York Knicks' Larry Johnson put up a three-pointer and was fouled just after the shot was off by Indiana Pacers forward Antonio Davis in Game 3 of the 1999 Eastern Conference Finals. Johnson would go on to make the free throw, converting the shot into a four-point play, and the Knicks beat the Pacers by one point and eventually won the series.
6. Los Angeles Lakers' Robert Horry scored a three-point shot on the buzzer in the fourth game of the 2002 Western Conference Finals to give the Lakers a 100–99 victory over the Sacramento Kings, tying the series at 2–2.
7. Los Angeles Lakers' Kobe Bryant scored nine consecutive threes and finished with twelve overall in a game against the Seattle SuperSonics during the 2002-03 NBA season.
8. Houston Rockets' Tracy McGrady scored thirteen points in 35 seconds against the San Antonio Spurs in the 2004 regular season to lead the Rockets to an 81–80 victory over the Spurs. McGrady scored four three-point shots, one of which involved a shooting foul by Tim Duncan to award McGrady a free throw.
9. Los Angeles Lakers' Kobe Bryant hit a game tying three-pointer against the Detroit Pistons in Game 2 of the 2004 NBA Finals. The Lakers ended up winning the game in overtime, but could not win the series.
10. New York Knicks center Eddy Curry hit a game-tying three-point shot with 1 second left against the Milwaukee Bucks, in response to Milwaukee's Ruben Patterson hitting a three-point shot at the other end to practically secure the victory. The Knicks went on to win the game in overtime.
11. Toronto Raptors' Morris Peterson scored a circus shot from the three point line with less than 1 second left to tie the game at 109-109 against the Washington Wizards in 2007. The Toronto Raptors went on to win the game in overtime.
12. Houston Rockets guard Mario Elie nailed a three-pointer with 7.1 seconds left in Game 7 of the 1995 Western Conference Semifinals against the Phoenix Suns. The shot helped the Rockets to overcome a three-games-to-one deficit.
13. Battling a stomach virus, Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls rebounded a missed free throw with the score tied in Game 5 of the 1997 NBA Finals against the Utah Jazz. Jordan proceeded to sink a three-pointer to give the Bulls some cushion and, ultimately, the victory.
14. Houston Rockets guard Eddie Johnson drilled a three-pointer at the buzzer of Game 4 of the 1997 Western Conference Finals against the Jazz.
15. In Game 1 of the 1991 NBA Finals against the Chicago Bulls, Sam Perkins of the Los Angeles Lakers sank a three to give the Lakers a victory.
16. In Game 1 of the 1995 NBA Finals against the Orlando Magic, Rockets guard Kenny Smith hit a game-tying three-point-shot to tie the game and send it to overtime. The Rockets would eventually emerge victorious.
17. Phoenix Suns guard Rex Chapman made an off-balance desperation three-point shot to send Game 4 of a first-round playoff series with the Seattle Supersonics into overtime. Seattle would eventually pull off a victory.

[edit] Rule specifications

The three-point line is generally an arc at a set radius from the basket. In international basketball, the three-point line is 6.25 meters (20 ft 6 in) from the basket. This distance is also used by most European leagues, as well as the WNBA.

In the U.S., college and high school rules for both men and women specify a distance of 19 feet, 9 inches (6.02 m) from the basket. Recreational courts in the U.S., such as those at public parks, also commonly use this distance. This line lies at the same distance from the basket as the top of the key, so the 3 point line coincides with the top of the key at the center point.

On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men's three-point line a foot back to 20 feet, 9 inches (6.32 m). The rule is subject to further approval by an NCAA oversight committee, which is considered likely by coaches and players. If the measure passes, the usage of the new 3-point line will begin with the 2008-09 season. The women's committee, however, decided to keep its line at 19 feet, 9 inches.[1]

In the NBA, the three-point line is composed of 2 lines, parallel to and 3 feet (0.91 m) from the sideline, and a circular arc (centered on the basket) of roughly 120 degrees, which intersects the parallel lines.[2] The distance of the arc is 23 feet, 9 inches (7.23 m) from the basket. The distance from the line to the basket varies near the sidelines, and is exactly 22 feet (6.71 m) from the basket at its closest point which is 6 feet, 3 inches (1.91 m) from the base line, along an imaginary line parallel to the base line and through the center of the basket. The line is constructed in this fashion because if it were fixed at the arc distance, there would be very little room to stand inbounds near the baseline. The actual distance of the three-point line at any point along its straight lines can be computed trigonometrically, using the center of the basket and the 22-foot mark as the other 2 points of a right triangle.

In order to attempt a three-pointer, a player's feet must be outside the three-point line. At the time of the shot or jump, the player may not be on the line or inside the line, or the basket is considered a two-point attempt; however, the player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

A referee raises his arm to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he raises his other arm and holds up three fingers in both hands to indicate the points scored. The referee must recognize it for it to count as three points. This has often been an issue of contention, as many games have been decided by a last-second three-pointer. In these extreme circumstances, referees have often conferred before deciding on how to rule the shot. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules.

If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point-play.

[edit] Form

Proper form in shooting a three pointer is essentially the same as shooting a regular jump shot. Generally, due to the long range, the shooter must be able to get enough separation to make a full jump and extension, and will not be able to pump fake, delay the shot's release, or otherwise attempt to confuse the defender. Players with excellent form on their three-pointer include the Orlando Magic' J.J. Redick, Cleveland Cavaliers' Mark Price, Houston Rockets' Tracy McGrady and Boston Celtics' Ray Allen. Reggie Miller has been cited as not having a good form on his three-pointer but he possessed an excellent touch.

[edit] Coaching attitudes

The association of three point shooting with an offensive-oriented style of play is not universal, however. Mike Krzyzewski, coach of the Duke Blue Devils, is known as a defensive coach, yet runs many plays for three-point shots. In the mid-1990s, several NBA teams employed a "slow-down" style of play that emphasized taking three pointers late in the shot clock and shutting down the opposing fast break. This style was typified by the Cleveland Cavaliers coached by Mike Fratello.

Many coaches are known for disliking, even shirking, the three-pointer. Some of these coaches are known for their defensive "toughness" and affinity for grinding out low scoring games. Their reasoning in avoiding the three-pointer usually stems from its typically lower shooting percentage, the likelihood of a quick defensive rebound and fast break, and the missed opportunity of drawing shooting fouls (fouls on three-point shot attempts do occur but are uncommon, as are all fouls on outside jump shots). Most notable from these line of coaches is perhaps Larry Brown.

Since the three-point line is closer in college and international play, it is generally much more widely used. For example, in the 2005 NCAA Final Four championship game, the losing team, Illinois, hoisted up over 40 three-point attempts. In the NBA, the three-pointer is a favored weapon of the Phoenix Suns and the Seattle SuperSonics, along with the Golden State Warriors and Toronto Raptors^[1], to name a few. The 1995 Houston Rockets won the NBA title utilizing a three-point centered, "inside-out" strategy, where any double team of Hakeem Olajuwon would result in a three point attempt.

[edit] Utilization of the three-pointer in gameplay

More often than not, coaches and point guards will run specific plays to open up a good three-point shooter for a shot. Common plays to open up a player for a three often include multiple screens or a drive and dish, where one player will drive to draw the defense away from a shooter before passing to him. Creating one's own three-pointer off the dribble is a difficult skill that few possess since it requires a blend of strength, quickness and accuracy. The three-pointer is also often used only as a threat, to dare defenders to leave them open while letting teammates break down the defense.

Often during close games when time is running out, the losing team will begin hoisting up threes in an attempt to quickly score points. Whether this tactic is effective is controversial, as some say it is the best chance to even up the score or to pull ahead. Others will say that the losing team will just be digging itself into a deeper hole due to the lower shooting percentage under pressure. Sports commentators will often argue about whether a team needs a three at a certain point in the ballgame.

Due to its higher point value, the three is often the final shot by the losing team down by two or three points in an attempt to either win or force overtime. Field goals that are made when time expires are known as buzzer beaters (due to the sound of the horn to conclude a quarter) and buzzer-beating threes at the end of games make for dramatic finishes.

[edit] Superlatives

In the men's college game, three programs have made at least one three-point goal in each game since the rule was adopted universally for the 1986-87 season (as of 3/21/07)^[2]:

• UNLV (667 games)
• Vanderbilt (663 games)
• Princeton (576 games)

UNLV currently holds the NCAA record for most consecutive games with a made three-pointer. Additionally, due to experimentation in the Big West Conference from 1982 through 1986 the Runnin' Rebels have made at least one three-point field goal in 684 of 695 games in which the rule was used. The last time UNLV failed to make a three-pointer was January 25, 1986 against Long Beach State.

Other programs with current streaks of consecutive games with at least one three-point goal made include (as of 3/21/07)^[3]:

• Kentucky (645 games)
• Duke (619 games)
• Arkansas (612 games)
• Western Kentucky (601 games)

However, these schools have not made a three-point goal in every game the program has played since the rule was adopted in 1986-87.

[edit] References

1. ^ http://www.globesports.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071030.wsptkapono30/GSStory/GlobeSportsBasketball/home
2. ^ Vanderbilt/Georgetown Game Notes 3/23/07, Page 12
3. ^ Vanderbilt/Georgetown Game Notes 3/23/07, Page 12

[edit] External links

• NBA.com's Top 10 three-pointers from past 25 years
• Article on Columbia's experimentation with the three-point field goal decades before its official introduction
• "Long Live the Three" by Steve Shutt, Basketball Hall of Famees:Triple (baloncesto)

fr:Panier à trois points it:Tiro da tre punti zh:三分球