St. Peter's Basilica
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| Saint Peter's Basilica Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano | |
| Image:Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen.jpg
The Basilica of Saint Peter from Castel Sant'Angelo. | |
| Basic information | |
|---|---|
| Location | Vatican City |
| Geographic coordinates | Coordinates: |
| Religious affiliation | Roman Catholic |
| Year consecrated | 1626 |
| Ecclesiastical status | Major basilica |
| Architectural description | |
| Architect(s) | Donato Bramante Antonio da Sangallo the Younger |
| Architectural type | Church |
| Architectural style | Renaissance and Baroque |
| Direction of facade | East |
| Year completed | XVII century |
| Specifications | |
| Capacity | 60,000 + |
| Materials | Stone and marble |
The Basilica of Saint Peter (Latin: Basilica Sancti Petri), officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly called Saint Peter's Basilica, is one of four major basilicas of Rome (Basilica of St. John Lateran, St. Peter's, Santa Maria Maggiore and St. Paul outside the Walls). It is the most prominent building inside the Vatican City and built on the ruins of Old Saint Peter's Basilica. Its dome is also a dominant feature of the Roman skyline. Saint Peter's is also incidentally the patriarchal basilica of Constantinople, whereas the Lateran Basilica is the patriarchal basilica of Rome. Possibly the largest church building in Christianity[1], it covers an area of 2.3 ha (5.7 acres) and has a capacity of over 60,000 people. One of the holiest sites of Christendom in the Catholic tradition, it is traditionally the burial site of its namesake Saint Peter, who was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and, according to Roman Catholic tradition, also the first Bishop of Antioch, and later first Bishop of Rome. Although the New Testament does not mention Peter's presence or martyrdom in Rome, Catholic tradition holds that his tomb is below the baldachin and altar; for this reason, many Popes, starting with the first ones, have been buried there. Construction on the current basilica, over the old Constantinian basilica, began on April 18, 1506 and was completed in 1626[2].
Although the Vatican basilica is not the Pope's official seat (Saint John Lateran), it is most certainly his principal church, as most Papal ceremonies take place at St. Peter's due to its size, proximity to the Papal residence, and location within the Vatican City walls. The basilica also holds a relic of the Cathedra Petri, which is, according to Catholic tradition, the episcopal throne of the basilica's namesake when he led the Roman church, but which is no longer used as the Papal cathedra. It is believed that a piece of this cathedra, or chair, is contained within the altarpiece, designed by Bernini.
Contents |
[edit] Details
[edit] Old St. Peter's
Old Saint Peter's Basilica was the fourth century church, of typical basilica form, that preceded the modern church. It was in poor repair by the Renaissance, after being neglected during the period of the Avignon Papacy, but the decision to replace it rather than repair it was essentially prompted by a desire to produce a new and grander church. The name Old Saint Peter's Basilica has been used since the construction of the current basilica to distinguish the two buildings.[3]
[edit] Burial site of St Peter
On December 23, 1950, in his pre-Christmas radio broadcast to the world, Pope Pius XII announced the discovery of Saint Peter's tomb.[4] This was the culmination of 10 years of archaeological research under the crypt of the basilica.
[edit] Other burials
There are over 100 tombs located within St. Peter's Basilica, many located in the Vatican grotto, beneath the Basilica. These include 91 popes, St. Ignatius of Antioch, Holy Roman Emperor Otto II, and the composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Exiled Catholic British royalty James Francis Edward Stuart and his two sons, Charles Edward Stuart and Henry Benedict Stuart, are buried here, due to being granted asylum by Pope Clement XI. The most prominent woman entombed is Christina of Sweden, who abdicated her throne in order to convert to Catholicism. The most recent interment was Pope John Paul II, on April 8 2005. Beneath, near the crypt, is the recently-discovered vaulted fourth-century "Tomb of the Julii".
[edit] Marble from the Colosseum
For work on St Peter's, Pope Nicholas V bought 2,522 cartloads of stone from the badly damaged Roman Colosseum. Quarrying of stone for the Colosseum had, in turn, been paid for with treasure looted at the Fall of Jerusalem and destruction of the temple by the emperor Vespasian's general (and the future emperor) Titus in 70 AD.
[edit] St Peter's Square
Directly to the east of the church is St Peter's Square (Piazza di San Pietro), built by Gianlorenzo Bernini between 1656 and 1667. It is surrounded by an elliptical colonnade with two pairs of Doric columns which form its breadth, each bearing Ionic entablatures. The colonnade wraps around the square, embracing the faithful in "the motherly arms of the church"[5]. This is an excellent example of Baroque architecture, where creativity is coupled with flexible guidelines. In the center of the colonnade is a 25.5 metre (83.6 ft) tall obelisk. Domenico Fontana finished moving the obelisk to its present location on September 28, 1586 by order of Pope Sixtus V. The obelisk dates back to the 13th century BC in Egypt, and was moved to Rome in AD 37 to stand in the Circus of Nero some 250 metres (820 ft) away. Including the cross on top and its base, the obelisk reaches 40 metres (131 ft). The Vatican obelisk is notable for being the second largest standing obelisk and the only one that remained standing since it was erected during the Roman Empire. An original bronze globe on top of the structure was removed when the obelisk was re-erected in St Peter's Square by Domenico Fontana. There are also two fountains in the square, the north one by Maderno (1613) and the southern one by Bernini (1675). The square is reached mainly through the Via della Conciliazione built by Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaties.
[edit] Dome
There is a widespread assumption that the dome, or cupola, as it presently stands, was designed by Michelangelo, who became chief architect in 1546. In fact, Michelangelo's design called for a spherical dome. At the time of his death (1564), only the drum set, the base on which a dome rests, had been completed. The dome proper was redesigned and vaulted by the architect Giacomo della Porta, with the assistance of Domenico Fontana, who was probably the best engineer of the day. Fontana built the lantern the following year, and the finial was placed in 1593.
As built, the double dome is brick, 42.3 meters (138.8 ft) in interior diameter (almost as large as the Pantheon), rising to 120 meters (394 ft) above the floor. In the mid-18th century, cracks appeared in the dome, so four iron chains were installed between the two shells to bind it, like the rings that keep a barrel from bursting. (Visitors who climb the spiral stairs between the dome shells can glimpse them.) The four piers of the crossing that support it are each 18 metres (59 ft) across. It is not simply its vast scale (136.57 m or 448.06 ft from the floor of the church to the top of the added cross) that makes it extraordinary. Della Porta's dome is not a hemisphere, but a paraboloid: it has a vertical thrust, which is made more emphatic by the bold ribbing that springs from the paired Corinthian columns, which appear to be part of the drum, but which stand away from it like buttresses, to absorb the outward thrust of the dome's weight. The grand arched openings just visible in the illustration but normally invisible to viewers below, enable access (but not to the public) all around the base of the drum; they are dwarfed by the monumental scale of their surroundings. Above, the vaulted dome rises to Fontana's two-stage lantern, capped with a spire.
The egg-shaped dome exerts less outward thrust than a lower hemispheric one (such as Mansart's at Les Invalides) would have done. The dome (essentially a larger version of that used in the Pantheon) conceived by Donato Bramante at the outset in 1503 was planned to be carried out with a single masonry shell, a plan discovered to be infeasible due to the sheer weight of the concrete involved. Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, a Florentine by heritage who had without doubt seen and studied the double-skinned dome of the Basilica di Santa Maria dei Fiore incorporated this, as well as the Gothic ribs of the Duomo (perhaps in a gesture of multicultural artistic acceptance but more probably as a structural necessity considering the size of the dome invisaged for St. Peter's), into his design. This was also, according to a sketch, inherited by Michelangelo's plan, however in a hemispherical (/Neo-Platonic), and less pointed (/Gothic) form. The actual construction of the dome, however, was completed after Buonnaroti's death, and the masons of the time, whether by instruction or error, resorted to the more Gothic preceding design. Michelangelo was also keen to get light into the Basilica: he said of Sangallo's dark interior that "Nuns will be raped in the aisles"; so he raised the dome onto a drum encircled witha peristyle of unfluted double half-columns in the Corinthian order (one of the masculine orders, along with the Doric, symbolic perhaps of the imagery of St. Peter as the Christian Hercules), which follows the major order of the Basilica, aswell as the vertical emphasis of the ribs on the dome and that of Michelangelo's planned façade. Continuing the Gothic theme in the architecture of the Basilica, there is a lantern - a device which had all but disappeared from contemporary architectural motifs, after the reinvention by bramante of the use of "Tufa" concrete which gets progressively lighter towards the top of the Pantheon dome, for ecample, allowing it to be structurally feasible.
The piers at the crossing, which were the first masonry to be laid, and which were intended to support the original dome, were a constant concern, too slender and 'busy' (too decoratively intense) in Bramante's plan, they were resolved conclusively by Buonnaroti.
[edit] Discovery of Michaelangelo Sketch
On December 7, 2007, Michelangelo's red chalk sketch for the dome of St Peter's Basilica, his last before his 1564 death, had been discovered in the Vatican archives. It is extremely rare since he destroyed his designs later in life. The sketch is a partial plan for 1 of the radial columns of the cupola drum of Saint Peter's.[6]
[edit] Entrances
Above the main entrance is the inscription,
| “ | IN HONOREM PRINCIPIS APOST PAVLVS V BVRGHESIVS ROMANVS PONT MAX AN MDCXII PONT VII (In honor of the prince of apostles; by Paul V Borghese, a Roman, Supreme Pontiff, in the year 1612 and the seventh year of his pontificate). | ” |
The façade is 114.69 metres (376.28 ft) wide and 45.55 metres (149.44 ft) high. On top are statues of Christ, John the Baptist, and eleven of the apostles. Two clocks are on either side of the top of the facade. The clock on the left has been operated electrically since 1931, its oldest bell dating to 1288.
Between the façade and the interior is the portico. Mainly designed by Maderno, it contains an 18th century statue of Charlemagne by Cornacchini to the south, and an equestrian sculpture of Emperor Constantine by Bernini (1670) to the north. The southernmost door, designed by Giacomo Manzù, is called the "Door of the Dead". The door in the center is by Antonio Averulino (1455), and preserved from the previous basilica.
The northernmost door is the "Holy Door" in bronze by Vico Consorti (1950), which is by tradition, only opened for great celebrations such as Jubilee years. Above it are inscriptions, the top reading PAVLVS V PONT MAX ANNO XIII, and the one just above the door reading GREGORIVS XIII PONT MAX. In between are white slabs commemorating the most recent openings.
|
IOANNES PAVLVS II P.M. |
IOANNES PAVLVS II P.M. |
PAVLVS VI PONT MAX |
| In the jubilee year of human redemption 1983-4, John Paul II, Pontifex Maximus, opened and closed again the holy door closed and set apart by Paul VI in 1976.
| John Paul II, Pontifex Maximus, again opened and closed the holy door in the year of the great jubilee, from the incarnation of the Lord 2000-2001.
| Paul VI, Pontifex Maximus, opened and closed the holy door of this patriarchal Vatican basilica in the jubilee year of 1975.
|
[edit] Interior
Walking along the right aisle of the basilica, there are several noteworthy monuments and memorials. The first is Michelangelo's Pietà, located immediately to the right of the entrance. After an incident in 1972 when an individual damaged it with an axe, the sculpture was placed behind protective glass. Up the aisle is the monument of Queen Christina of Sweden, who abdicated in 1654 in order to convert to Catholicism. Further up are the monuments of popes Pius XI and Pius XII, as well as the altar of St Sebastian. Even further up is the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament, which is open during religious services only. Inside it is a tabernacle on the altar resembling Bramante's Tempietto at San Pietro in Montorio. Bernini sculpted this gilded bronze tabernacle in 1674. The two kneeling angels were added later. Further still are the monuments of popes Gregory XIII (completed in 1723 by Rusconi) and Gregory XIV.
In the northwestern corner of the nave sits the statue of St. Peter Enthroned, attributed to late 13th century sculptor Arnolfo di Cambio (with some scholars dating it back to the 5th century). The foot of the statue is eroded due to centuries of pilgrims kissing it. Along the floor of the nave are markers with the comparative lengths of other churches, starting from the entrance (not an original detail). Along the pilasters are niches housing 39 statues of saints who founded religious orders.
Walking down the left aisle there is the Altar of Transfiguration. Walking down towards the entrance are the monuments to Leo XI and Innocent XI followed by the Chapel of the Immaculate Virgin Mary. After that come the monuments to Pius X and Innocent VIII, then the monuments to John XXIII and Benedict XV, and the Chapel of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin. After that comes the Monument to the Royal Stuarts, directly opposite the one to Maria Clementina Sobieska. Symmetrically, the two monarchs who gave up their thrones for their Catholic faith in the 17th century, are honored side by side in the most important church in Catholicism. Finally, right before the end of the church, is the Baptistry.
The right transept contains three altars, of St. Wenceslas, St. Processus and St. Martinian, and St. Erasmus. The left transept also contains three altars, that of St Peter's Crucifixion, St. Joseph and St. Thomas. West of the left transept is the monument to Alexander VII by Bernini. A skeleton holding an hourglass lifts a fold of red marble drapery. The "molten marble," symbolizing divinity, covers the skeletons head, which signals God's victory over death. The skeleton is flanked on the right by a statue representing religion, who holds her foot atop a globe, with a thorn piercing her toe from the British Isles, symbolizing the pope's problems with the Church of England.
Over the main altar stands a 30 metres (98 ft) tall baldachin held by four immense pillars, all designed by Bernini between 1624 and 1632. The baldachin was built to fill the space beneath the cupola, and it is said that the bronze used to make it was taken from the Pantheon. The representation of a chair, part of the sculpture, is said to contain the remnants of the chair belonging to Saint Peter (It is also said that it is the largest bronze piece in the world.) Underneath the baldachin is the traditional tomb of St. Peter. In the four corners surrounding the baldachin are statues of St. Helena (northwest, holding a large cross in her right hand, by Andrea Bolgi), St. Longinus (northeast, holding his spear in his right hand, by Bernini in 1639), St. Andrew (southeast, spread upon the cross which bears his name, by Francois Duquesnoy) and St. Veronica (southwest, holding her veil, by Francesco Mochi). Each of these statues represents a relic associated with the person, respectively, a piece of The Cross, the The Spear of Longinus, St Andrew's head (as well as part of his cross) and Veronica's Veil. In 1964, St Andrew's head was returned to the Greek Orthodox Church by the Pope. It should be noted that the Vatican makes no claims as to the authenticity of several of these relics, and in fact other Catholic churches also possess "the same" relics.
Along the base of the inside of the dome is written, in letters 2 metres (6.5 ft) high, TV ES PETRVS ET SVPER HANC PETRAM AEDIFICABO ECCLESIAM MEAM. TIBI DABO CLAVES REGNI CAELORVM (Vulgate, from Matthew 16:18-19; "...you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church. ... I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven...."). Near the top of the dome is another, smaller, circular inscription: S. PETRI GLORIAE SIXTVS PP. V. A. M. D. XC. PONTIF. V. (To the glory of St Peter; Sixtus V, pope, in the year 1590 and the fifth year of his pontificate).
The Burial of St Petronilla is an altarpiece painted by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri (Guercino) in 1623. It simultaneously depicts the burial and the welcoming to heaven of the martyred St. Petronilla. The altar is dedicated to the saint, and contains her relics.
Throughout the Basilica, there are four large statues of the Saints Longinus, Veronica, Andreas, and Helena (in descending order). Each statue is holding an item closely associated with them. Longinus is holding a spear; it is said that he pierced Jesus's side with a spear during crucifixion. Veronica is holding a hankerchief that Jesus used on his path to crucifixion in Jerusalem. Andreas is on a X-shaped (saltire) cross, on which he was crucified. Helena is holding a cross; she is famous for finding the True Cross on which Jesus was allegedly crucified.
At the apse of the church is the Triumph of the Chair of Saint Peter (1666) by Bernini, a focus of the Feast of Cathedra Petri celebrated annually on February 22 in accordance to the calendar of saints. The triumph is topped by a yellow window (made of finely cut alabaster)in with the image of a dove, portraying the Holy Spirit, surrounded by twelve rays, symbolising the apostles. The rays protruding from the window also symbolize the grace of God, supporting the Chair of Peter to show the source of the authority. The Chair is made of a bronze encasing, which is a relic of the chair of St Peter, given to the Vatican from Charles the Bald in 875. To the right of the chair are St. Ambrose and St. Augustine (fathers of the Latin church), and to the left are St. Athanasius and St. John Chrysostom (fathers of the Greek church). Further to the right is the monument to Urban VIII, by Bernini, and further to the left is the monument to Paul III.
[edit] Gallery
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Façade |
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St. Peters |
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High altar |
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Dome 1 |
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Dome 2 |
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Dome 3 |
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The Dome from the Drum |
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High altar |
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Bernini's "Cathedra Petri" and "Gloria" |
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The facade of Saint Peter's Basilica at dusk |
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...and at dawn |
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The narthex or entrance hall has three doors |
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View from the first step beyond the entrance hall |
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Giovanni Paolo Pannini's painting of the nave of the Basilica of Saint Peter |
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Bernini's canopy |
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The confessio, containing the bones of Saint Peter, under the high altar |
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The tomb of Pope Alexander VII, by Gianlorenzo Bernini |
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La Pietà sculpted by Michelangelo Buonarroti |
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Interior view of the sanctuary looking from the dome towards the apse |
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From the top of the dome |
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Saint Peter's Basilica |
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Statue of Saint Peter |
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The interior |
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Cardinals at Mass in Saint Peter's Basilica two days before Papal conclave, April 16, 2005. |
[edit] Archpriests of Saint Peter’s Basilica since 1820
- Pietro Cardinal Galleffi (6 May 1820 – 18 June 1837)
- Giacomo Cardinal Giustiniani (1 July 1837 – 24 February 1843)
- Mario Cardinal Mattei (11 March 1843 – 7 October 1870)
- Niccola Cardinal Clarelli Parracciani (8 October1870 – 7 July 1872)
- Edoardo Cardinal Borromeo (10 July 1872 – 30 November 1881)
- Edward Cardinal Howard (12 December 1881 – 16 September 1892)
- Francesco Cardinal Ricci Paracciani (6 October 1892 – 9 March 1894)
- Mariano Cardinal Rampolla del Tindaro (21 March 1894 – 16 December 1913)
- Rafael Cardinal Merry del Val y Zulueta (12 January 1914 – 26 February 1930)
- Federico Cardinal Tedeschini (14 March 1939 – 2 November 1959)
- Paolo Cardinal Marella (14 August 1961 – 8 February 1983)
- Aurelio Cardinal Sabattani (8 February 1983 – 1 July 1991)
- Virgilio Cardinal Noè (1 July 1991 – 24 April 2002)
- Francesco Cardinal Marchisano (24 April 2002 – 10 October 2006)
- Angelo Cardinal Comastri (10 October 2006- )
[edit] Notes
- ^ The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro in Africa has a higher dome and is both longer and wider. However, measures of the latter include also a rectorate and a villa not strictly part of the church; its capacity is also much lower: 18,000 people against St. Peter's 60,000.
- ^ Columbia Magazine, April 2006, page 18.
- ^ Boorsch, Suzanne (Winter 1982-1983). "The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 40 (3): 4-8.
- ^ University of Alberta Express News. In search of St. Peter's Tomb. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
- ^ Piazza of St. Peter's - Bernini
- ^ Michelangelo 'last sketch' found. BBC News (2007-12-07). Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
[edit] References
- Inside the Vatican, a National Geographic Television Special
- Bannister, Turpin. “The Constantian Basilica of Saint Peter at Rome.” The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (March 1968) 3-32.
- Boorsch, Suzanne. “The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (Winter 1982) 1-2;4-64.
- Finch, Margaret. The Cantharus and Pigna at Old Saint Peter’s. Gesta (1991).
- Frommel, Christoph. “Papal Policy: The Planning of Rome during the Renaissance.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History. (Summer 1986) 39-65.
- Lees-Milne, James. St. Peter's Little Brown and Co. (1967)
- McClendon, Charles. The History of the Site of St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome. Perspecta. (1989) 32-65.
- Kleiner, Fred and Christin Mamiya. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective. v2. 12th edition. (Thomas Wadsworth, 2006), 499-500, 571-575.
- UNESCO website on the Holy See.
[edit] External links
- stpetersbasilica.org Largest online site for the Basilica
- Fullscreen Virtual Tour by Virtualsweden
- Google Maps Satellite image of the Basilica
- St Peter’s Basilica and St Peter’s Tomb
- Circus of Nero and the old and new Basilicas superimposed, showing the tomb of Peter
- St. Peter's Basilica Photo Gallery 249 photos
- St Peter's Basilica, Rome pictures and virtual reality movies
- Basilica of St Peter, Rome by Activitaly
- Catholic Encyclopedia Catholic Encyclopedia article
- Vatican City, Piazza San Pietro VR panorama with map and compass effect by Tolomeus
- The pipe organs of St Peter's Basilica
- Vatican City, Piazza San Pietro QTVR panorama hi-res (15 Mb) by Tolomeus
- St. Peter's Basilica Floor Plan
Papal symbols and rituals | |
|---|---|
| Apostolic Palace · Camauro · Coat of arms · Conclave · Coronation · Fanon · Flabellum · Holy See · Inauguration · Mitre · Mozzetta · Papal Cross · Pallium · Popemobile · Regalia and insignia · Ring of the Fisherman · Basilica of St. John Lateran · St. Peter's Basilica · Saint Peter's Square · Sedia gestatoria · Sistine Chapel · Tiara · Vatican City | |
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