From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum was the Seljuk Turkish sultanate that ruled in direct lineage from 1077 to 1307 in Anatolia, with capitals, successively, in İznik (Nicaea) for a brief period in its beginnings, and then in Konya in Central Anatolia. Its sultans having pursued their reigns in a high degree of mobility, cities like Kayseri and Sivas also bore aspects of capitals at times. At its height, it stretched across central Turkey from Antalya-Alanya shoreline on the Mediterranean coast to Sinop and the neighboring region on the Black Sea coast. To the east, the sultanate reached the region of Lake Van, after having absorbed other Turkish states, and its westernmost limit was near Denizli at the gates of the Aegean basin proper, where their rule was succeeded by smaller Beyliks.
The name "Rum" was given by virtue of the former Roman ownership of its lands, a fuller term in that context is the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. The terms preferred in Turkish sources are Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate (Anadolu Selçukluları) or more recently, Türkiye Selçukluları - Seljuks of Turkey. The state is alternatively called the Sultanate of Konya or Sultanate of Iconium in western sources, although the state's realm had extended far beyond the region of Konya already as of the second half of the 12th century.
Controlling a geography which constituted a vital chain in a vast network of trade by means of caravans, Anatolian Seljuks prospered particularly as of the end of the 12th century, when they also acquired, at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, key port towns along Anatolia's Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts, where they traded especially with the Genoese. Their perseverance and increased wealth enabled them to absorb other Turkish Beyliks that were established in Anatolia to their east after the Battle of Manzikert, the Danishmends, the Mengücek, the Saltuklu and the Artuklu. They endowed Anatolia with landmarks of civilization which remain very remarkable to this day. They successfully bore the brunt, from the Muslim world's perspective, of the Crusades, but in 1243, they were struck by the power of the Mongol Empire that had risen suddenly. Having become Mongol vassals in a gradual phase of decline and despite desperate efforts they made for preserving the state's integrity, Anatolian Seljuks disintegrated in the decades following the 1243 defeat. Their territory saw the emergence of a number of Anatolian Turkish Beyliks among which, one, that of the family of Osmanoğlu, the future Ottoman Empire, was to prove dominant.
[edit] Establishment
Image:NE 1200ad.jpg Near East in 1200 AD, showing the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and its neighbors.
In the 1070s, Süleyman I bin Kutalmish, a distant cousin of Malik Shah and initially a Great Seljuk commander who had contended for the Great Seljuk throne, rose to power in western Anatolia. In 1075, Süleyman captured the Byzantine cities of İznik (Nicaea) and İzmit (Nicomedia). In defiance of Malik Shah, he declared himself sultan in 1077 and established the capital at İznik.
The Sultanate expanded, but then Süleyman was killed in Antioch (Antakya) in 1086 by Tutush I, the Seljuk ruler of Syria, and Süleyman's son Kilij Arslan I (Kılıç Arslan meaning Lion Sword in Turkish) was imprisoned. When Malik Shah died in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and he immediately re-established possession over his father's territories. He was eventually beaten by Crusaders in 1097 and driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his state with capital in Konya. In 1107, he ventured east and captured Mosul but died the same year fighting Mehmed Tapar, son of Malik Shah.
In the meantime, Konya was captured by another member of the family, Melikshah, not to be confused with the Great Seljuk sultan, but the city was taken back by Kılıj Arslan's son Mesud I in 1116 with the help of the neighboring Beylik of Danishmends. Upon Mesud's death in 1156, the sultanate's realm included, roughly, all of central Anatolia. Mesud's son Kilij Arslan II (1156-1192) captured the remaining territories (around Sivas and Malatya) of the already largely absorbed Danishmends in 1174. A Byzantine army led by Manuel I Comnenus was defeated and thwarted in the Battle of Myriocephalon on September 17 1176, resulting in a gradual weakening of the Byzantine hold over western Anatolia. Although the Third Crusade's German forces temporarily occupied the sultanate capital of Konya in 1190, this did not shake the state's cores. In the meantime, with the foundation, in 1198, of the Crusader State of Cilicia (Armenia Minor), the sultans of Konya had another Christian neighbor.
After the death of the last sultan of Great Seljuk, Tuğrul III, in 1194, the Seljuks of Rum became the sole ruling representatives of the dynasty. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev I seized back Konya from the Crusaders in 1205. Under his rule and his two successors, Izzeddin Keykavus I (1211-1220) and Alaeddin Keykubad I (1220-1237), the Seljuks of Rum reached the zenith of their power. Keyhüsrev's most important achievement was the capture of the harbour of Antalya (Attalia) on the Mediterranean coast in 1207. His son Keykavus captured Sinop and made Trebizond (Trabzon) a vassal in 1214, also vassalizing Cilicia, though he was forced to surrender the city of Aleppo he had acquired to al-Kamil in 1218. Keykubad pursued the Turkish advance along the Mediterranean coast from 1221 to 1225. In 1225, he also sent an expeditionary force across the Black Sea to Crimea[1]. In the east, he defeated the Mengüceks, replacing their rule with his, and he started to put pressure on Artukid territory.
[edit] Downfall
Kaykhusraw II (1237-1246) began his reign by capturing the region around Diyarbekir, but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named Baba Ishak. After three years, when he had finally quelled the revolt, the Crimean foothold was lost and the state and the sultanate's army had weakened. It is in these conditions that he had to face a far more dangerous threat, that of the expanding Mongols. Mongol forces took Erzurum in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan was crushed by Bayju in the Battle of Köse Dag (a mountain between the cities of Sivas and Erzincan) and the Seljuks henceforth began to owe allegiance to the Mongols and gradually became their vassals. The sultan himself had fled to Antalya after the 1243 battle, where he died in 1246, his death starting a period of tripartite, and then dual rule that lasted until 1260.
The Seljuk realm was divided among Kaykhusraw's three sons. The eldest, Kaykaus II (1246-1260), assumed the rule in the area west of the river Kızılırmak. His younger brothers, Kilij Arslan IV (1248-1265) and Kayqubad II (1249-1257) were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration. In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near Aksaray and all of Anatolia became officially subject to Möngke Khan. In 1260 Kaykaus II fled from Konya to Crimea where he died in 1279. Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265 and Kaykhusraw III (1265-1284) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents.
The Seljuk state had started to split into small emirates (Beyliks) that increasingly distanced themselves from both Mongol and Seljuk control. In 1277, responding to a call from Anatolia, the Mameluk sultan Baybars raided Anatolia and defeated the Mongols, temporarily replacing them as the administrator of the Seljuk realm. But since the native forces who had called him to Anatolia did not manifest themselves for the defense of the land, he had to return to his homebase in Egypt, and the Mongol administration was re-assumed, officially and severely.
Towards the end of his reign, Kaykhusraw III could claim direct sovereignty only over lands around Konya. Some of the Beyliks (including the Ottomans in their very beginnings) and Seljuk governors of Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy of the sultan in Konya, delivering the khutba in the name of the sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin, the Pride of Islam. When Kaykhusraw III was executed in 1282, the Seljuk dynasty suffered another blow from internal struggles which lasted until 1303 when the son of Kaykaus II, Mesud II, established himself as sultan in Kayseri. He was murdered in 1307 as well as his son Mesud III soon afterwards. A distant relative to the Seljuk dynasty momentarily installed himself as emir of Konya, but he was defeated and his lands conquered by the Karamanoğlu in 1328. The sultanate's monetary sphere of influence lasted slightly longer and coins of Seljuk mint, generally considered to be of reliable value, continued to be used throughout the 14th century, once again, including by the Ottomans.
[edit] Art and Architecture
The exceptional period that flourished in Anatolia in the 12th and the 13th centuries, between the Crusades and the Mongol invasion, is marked by outstanding works of architecture and decorative arts.
Among these, the caravanserais (or hans), used as stops, trading posts and defense for caravans, and of which about a hundred structures were built during the Anatolian Seljuks period, are particularly remarkable. Their unequalled concentration in time and in Anatolian geography represent some of the most distinctive and impressive constructions in the entire history of Islamic architecture, and their preservation and restoration continue to preoccupy the daily agenda in Turkey, especially with a view to their use in tourism, while scholars and admirers express reserves by stressing the need to understand their original historic functions first [2].
The largest caravanserai is the 1229-built Sultan Han on the road between the cities of Konya and Aksaray, in the township of Sultanhanı depending the latter city, enclosing 4,900 square meters. There are two caravanserais that carry the name "Sultan Han", the other one being between Kayseri and Sivas. Furthermore, apart from Sultanhanı, five other towns across Turkey owe their names to caravanserais built there. These are Alacahan in Kangal, Durağan, Hekimhan and Kadınhanı, as well as the township of Akkale/Akhan within Denizli metropolitan area. The caravanserai of Hekimhan is unique in having, underneath the usual inscription in Arabic with information relating to the edifice, two further inscriptions in Armenian and Syriac, since it was constructed by the sultan Alâeddin Keykubad I's doctor (hekim) who is thought to have been a Christian by his origins, and to have converted to Islam. There are other particular cases like the settlement in Kalehisar site (contiguous to an ancient Hittite site) near Alaca, founded by the Seljuk commander Hüsameddin Temurlu who had taken refuge in the region after the defeat in the Battle of Kose Dag, and had founded a township comprising a castle, a medrese, a habitation zone and a caravanserai, which were later abandoned apparently around the 16th century. All but the caravanserai, which remains undiscovered, was explored in the 1960s by the art historian/Ottoman archaeologist Oktay Aslanapa, and the finds as well as a number of documents attest to the existence of a vivid settlement in the site, such as a 1463-dated Ottoman firman which instructs the headmaster of the medrese to lodge not in the school but in the caravanserai.
[edit] The Dynasty
As regards the names of the sultans, there are variants in form and spelling depending on the preferences displayed by one source or the other, either for strict fidelity along the lines of the Arabic script which the sultans used, or for the rendering living through their successors Ottomans' times up until modern-day Turks. Some sultans had two names that they chose to use alternatively in reference to their legacy. While the two palaces built by Alaeddin Keykubad I carry the names Kubadabad Palace and Keykubadiye Palace, he named his mosque in Konya as Alaeddin Mosque and the port city of Alanya he had captured as "Alaiye". Similarly, the medrese built by Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev I in Kayseri, within the complex (külliye) dedicated to his sister Gevher Nesibe, was named Gıyasiye Medrese, and the one built by Izzeddin Keykavus I in Sivas as Izzediye Medrese. The two Mesud's of the dynasty had different first names (respectively, Rükneddin and Gıyaseddin) and they are commonly referred to under their sole second name in the dynastical order.
[edit] See also
[edit] Sources
[edit] External links
[edit] References
| History of Anatolia |
|---|
| <timeline>
Preset = TimeHorizontal_AutoPlaceBars_UnitYear
ImageSize = width:800 barincrement:16
PlotArea = left:20 right:47 bottom:40
Colors =
id:canvas value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
id:white value:rgb(1,1,1)
id:subtitle value:gray(0.8)
id:grid1 value:gray(0.7)
id:grid2 value:gray(0.88)
id:black value:rgb(0,0,0)
id:events value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75)
id:mark1 value:rgb(0,0.7,0)
id:mark2 value:rgb(0.7,0,0)
id:years value:gray(0.5)
id:period1 value:rgb(1,1,0)
id:period2 value:rgb(1,0.75,0)
id:Mil value:rgb(1,0.8,0.4)
id:sec value:yellow legend:Secular
id:mus value:green legend:Muslim
id:chr value:red legend:Christian
id:othe value:tan2 legend:Polytheist
id:zoro value:rgb(1,0.8,0.1) legend:Zoroastrian
BackgroundColors = canvas:canvas
Period = from:-2100 till:2000
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:500 start:-2000 gridcolor:grid1
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:100 start:-2100 gridcolor:grid2
AlignBars = justify
BarData=
bar:title_empires
bar:hist1
bar:hist2
bar:hist3
bar:hist4
bar:hist5
bar:hist6
bar:hist7
bar:title_events
barset:events
bar:dummy2 # separator
bar:title_periods
bar:periods
PlotData =
mark:(line,black)
fontsize:S
width:14
shift:(5,-6)
bar:title_empires from:start till:end text:"States that existed in Anatolia" fontsize:M anchor:middle align:center width:10 color:subtitle
bar:title_events from:start till:end text:"Events" fontsize:M anchor:middle align:center width:10 color:subtitle mark:(line,white)
bar:title_periods from:start till:end text:"Archaeological Periods" fontsize:M anchor:middle align:center width:10 color:subtitle mark:(line,white)
shift:(5,-5)
mark:(line,Mil)
color:events
barset:events
barset:break
at:1453 text:Fall of Constantinople
barset:break
at:-1275 text:"Battle of Kadesh"
at:-547 text:Battle of Pteira
at:-333 text:Battle of Issus
at:677 text:Battle of Syllaeum
at:1071 text:Battle of Manzikert
barset:break
at:-705 text:Cimmerian invasion
at:330 text:Constantinople
at:1839 text:Nationalism
mark:(none,mark2)
width:3
align:left
color:othe
bar:hist1
from:-1750 till:-1500 shift:(-8,0) text:Hittite Old &
from:-1430 till:-1180 shift:(0,0) text:New Kingdom
from:-900 till:-600 shift:(2,0) text:Urartu
from:-545 till:-333 shift:(-2,0) color:zoro text:"Achaemenids"
from:-190 till:301 shift:(4,0) text:"Armenia"
from:301 till:428 shift:(-2,0) color:red
from:632 till:732 shift:(-8,0) color:mus text:"Arab"
from:885 till:1045 shift:(-6,0) color:red text:"Armenia"
from:1078 till:1375 shift:(2,0) color:red text:"Lesser Armenia"
from:1923 till:end shift:(2,0) color:sec text:Turkey
bar:hist2
from:-2100 till:-1950 shift:(2,0) text:"Troy IV"
from:-1700 till:-1400 shift:(2,0) text:"Troy VI"
from:-1300 till:-1190 shift:(-6,0) text:"Troy VIIa"
from:-626 till:-550 shift:(2,0) color:zoro text:Medes
from:-133 till:392 shift:(2,0) text:Roman Asia
from:392 till:1453 shift:(2,0) color:red text:Byzantine Empire
from:1918 till:1922 shift:(-24,0) color:red text:"Armenia"
bar:hist3
from:-1300 till:-1250 shift:(-10,0) text:Assuwa
from:-1150 till:-490 shift:(2,0) text:Ionia
from:-323 till:-146 shift:(-8,0) text:Hellenism
from:1299 till:1922 shift:(2,0) color:mus text:Ottoman
bar:hist4
from:-1500 till:-1320 shift:(2,0) text:Arzawa
from:-1200 till:-546 shift:(2,0) text:"Phrygia"
from:-250 till:-150 shift:(2,0) text:"Seleucids"
from:226 till:650 shift:(2,0) color:zoro text:"Sassanids"
from:1071 till:1300 shift:(0,0) color:mus text:Seljuk
bar:hist5
from:-1150 till:-547 shift:(2,0) color:othe text:Lydia
from:-302 till:-64 shift:(2,0) text:Pontus
from:1071 till:1507 shift:(0,0) color:mus text:"Anatolian Turkish Beyliks"
bar:hist6
from:-1150 till:-547 shift:(2,0) text:Caria
from:-74 till:380 shift:(2,0) text:Bithynia
bar:hist7
from:-1150 till:-547 shift:(2,0) text:Lycia
bar:periods
at:476 shift:(0, 12) text:"Middle Ages"
from:-1100 till:-700 shift:(-10,12) text:"Neo-Hittite period"
from:start till:-1200 shift:(80, 0) color:powderblue text:Bronze Age
from:-1199 till:-586 shift:(0, 0) color:skyblue text:Iron Age
from:-585 till:-322 shift:(0, 0) color:powderblue text:Babylonian
from:-321 till:-37 shift:(0, -10) color:blue text:Hellenistic
from:-36 till:395 shift:(0, 0) color:powderblue text:Roman
from:395 till:634 shift:(0, -10) color:red text:Byzantine
from:635 till:1099 shift:(0, 0) color:green text:Arab
from:1100 till:1291 shift:(0, 0) color:red text:Crusades
from:1500 till:1789 shift:(0, 12) color:green text:"<Early Modern Europe"
from:1790 till:end shift:(0, 0) color:skyblue text:"<Modern Europe"
</timeline> |
| Landmarks of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate and Turkish Beyliks |
|---|
|
| Anatolian Turkish Beyliks |
|---|
| Ahlatshahs (1100 - 1207) |
|---|
Founder: Sökmen el Kutbi • Capital: Ahlat
Important centers and extension: Silvan • Malazgirt • Erciş • Adilcevaz • Başkale • Eleşkirt • Van • Tatvan • Bitlis • Muş • Hani
Dynasty: Sökmen el Kutbi (1100-1112) • İbrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?) • Ahmed bin İbrahim (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (1128 - 1185) • Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185 - 1193) • Aksungur (1193 - 1197) • Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185 - 1207)
1207: Submitted to the Ayyoubids
Important works: Ahlat Tombs
|
| Artuklu (1102 - ) |
|---|
Ancestors: Eksük and his son Artuk, commander of Alparslan, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder: Muinüddin Sökmen Bey • Capitals: Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
Important centers and extension: Diyarbekir • Hasankeyf • Silvan • Mardin • Midyat • Harput • Palu • Aleppo (temporarily as of 1117)
Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102-1104) • Sökmenli İbrahim Bey (1104 - 1131)
Mardin Dynasty or İlgazi Dynasty: Necmeddin İlgazi (1106-1122) • Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122 - 1154) • Necmeddin Alp (1154 - 1176)
Harput Dynasty: Belek Bey (1112-1124) • Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
Important works: Artuklu Palace in Diyarbakır • Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls • Malabadi Bridge • Hasankeyf Bridge • Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108) • Emineddin (brother of İlgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between (1122) • Great Mosque of Silvan • Great Mosque of Mardin • Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir) • Great Mosque of Kızıltepe • Great Mosque of Harput • Artuklu Caravanserai in Mardin • İbrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
|
| Saltuklu (1072-1202) |
|---|
Founder: Saltuk Bey • Capital: Erzurum
Important centers and extension: Erzurum • Tercan
Dynasty: Saltuk Bey (1072-1102) • Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~ 1124) • Ziyâüddin Gazi (~ 1124-1132) • İzzeddin Saltuk (1132-1168) • Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168-1191) • Mama Hatun (1191-1200) • Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200-1202)
1202: Incorporation into the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
Important works: Great Mosque of Erzurum • Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum • Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan • Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan • Kale Mosque in Erzurum • Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
|
| Aydınoğlu (1307 - 1425) |
|---|
Founder: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey • Capitals: Birgi, later Ayasluğ
Important centers and extension: Tire • İzmir • Alaşehir • Aydın • Sakız/Chios (between 1336-1344)
Dynasty: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307 - 1334) • Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1334-1348) • Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) • Aydınoğlu İsa Bey ( - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402-1403) • Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403 - 1405) • İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405 - 1425 with intervals) • 1425: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: İsabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
|
| Candaroğlu (~1300 - 1461) |
|---|
Founder: Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Sinop • Eflani • Çankırı • Kalecik • Tosya • Araç • Samsun (temporarily)
Dynasty: Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~ 1340) • Candaroğlu İbrahim Bey (1340-1345) • Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340-1361) • Celaleddin Bayezid (1361-1385) • Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384-1392)
1392: Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu branch into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I
Sinop Dynasty or İsfendiyaroğlu Dynasty: İsfendiyar Bey (1385-1440) • Taceddin İbrahim Bey (1440-1443) • Kemaleddin İsmail Bey (1443-1461)
1461: Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
Important works:
|
| Çobanoğlu (1227-1309) |
|---|
Founder: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Kastamonu • Taşköprü
Dynasty: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?) • Alp Yürek (? - ?) • Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?) • Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309) •
1309: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Candaroğlu
Important works:
|
| Dulkadir (1348- ~ 1525) |
|---|
Ancestor: Hasan Dulkadir • Founder: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey • Capital: Elbistan
Important centers and extension: Maraş • Malatya • Harput • Kayseri • Antep
Dynasty: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348-1348) • Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348-1386) • Sûli Bey (1386-1396) • Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396-1443) • Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443-1454) • Melik Arslan (?-?) • Shah Budak (?-1492) • Şahsuvar (?-?) • Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492-1507) • Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~ 1525)
1443-1525: Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
Important works:
|
| Eretna (1328 - 1381) |
|---|
Founder: Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Demirtaş• Capital: Sivas, later Kayseri
Important centers and extension: Sivas • Kayseri • Niğde • Tokat • Amasya • Erzincan • Şarkikarahisar • Niksar
Dynasty: Eretna Bey (1328-1352) • Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352-1365) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365-1380) • Mehmed Bey the Second (1380-1381)
1326: Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin
Important works:
|
| Eşrefoğlu (1288 - 1326) |
|---|
Founder: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate •• Capital: Beyşehir
Important centers and extension: Beyşehir •• Akşehir •• Bolvadin
Dynasty: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288 - 1302) •• Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302-1320) •• Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320-1326)
1326: Beylik destroyed by Demirtaş, the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia
Important works: Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Beyşehir (1299)
|
| Germiyan (1300 - 1429) |
|---|
Ancestor:: Kerimüddin Alişir • Founder: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First • Capital: Kütahya
Important centers and extension: Kula (District), Manisa • Simav • Yenicekent • Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300-1368)
Dynasty: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300 - 1340) • Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340-1361) • Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361 - 1387)
1390: First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402-1429) • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I • 1429: Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works:
|
| Hamidoğlu (~ 1280 - 1374) |
|---|
Ancestors:: Hamid and his son İlyas Bey, frontier rulers under Anatolian Seljuks • Founder: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey • Capital: Isparta
Important centers and extension: Eğirdir • Uluborlu • Gölhisar • Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Dynasty: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~ 1280 - 1324) • Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324-1330) • Hamidoğlu Necmeddin İshak Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin İlyas Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
1374: Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanoğlu dynasty.
Important works:
|
| Karamanoğlu (~ 1250 - 1487) |
|---|
Ancestor:: Nure Sûfi from Avşar Oghuz clan • Founder: Kerimüddin Karaman Bey • Capitals: successively Ereğli • Ermenek • Larende (Karaman) • Konya • Mut
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty: Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256-1261) • Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261-1283) • Güneri Bey (1283-1300) • Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300-1308) • Yahşı Han Bey (1308-1312) • Bedreddin İbrahim Bey (1312-1333) • Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333-1348) • Bedreddin İbrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348-1349) • Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349-1350) • Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350-1351) • Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351-1356) • Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356-1357) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357-1398) • Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398-1399) • Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418-1424) • Damat İbrahim Bey (1424-1464) • Sultanzade İshak Bey (1464) • Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464-1469) • Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469-1483) • Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483-1487)
1398-1402: First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane • 1414-1487: Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II.
Important works:
|
| Karesi (1303 - 1360) |
|---|
Ancestor:: Melik Danişmend Gazi • Founder: Karesi Bey • Capital: Balıkesir
Important centers and extension: Aydıncık • Bergama • Edremit • Bigadiç • Ezine
Dynasty: Karesi Bey (1307 - 1328) • Demir Han (1328-1345) • Yahşı Han (1328-1345) • Süleyman Bey (1345-1360)
1374: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan I and Murad I
Important works:
|
| Ladik (İnançoğlu) (~ 1300 - 1368) |
|---|
Ancestor:: Germiyanlı Ali Bey • Founder: İnanç Bey • Capital: Denizli
Important centers and extension: Denizli
Dynasty: İnanç Bey (~ 1300 - ~ 1314) • Murad Arslan (~ 1314 - ?) • İnançoğlu İshak Bey (? - ~ 1360) • Süleyman Bey (1345-1368)
1368: Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
Important works:
|
| Menteşe (~1261 - 1424) |
|---|
Founder: Menteşe Bey • Capitals: Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
Important centers and extension: present-day Muğla Province • Muğla • Finike • Kaş • Çameli • Acıpayam • Tavas • Bozdoğan • Çine • temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300-1314
Dynasty: Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282) • Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320) • Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340) • Menteşeoğlu İbrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
1360: Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu İbrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed •
1390: First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu İlyas Bey • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I • 1424: Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Firuz Bey Mosque in Milas • İlyas Bey Mosque in Balat • Great Mosque of Muğla (1344) • Vakıflar Hamam (Turkish bath) in Muğla (1334)
|
| Pervâne (1261 - 1322) |
|---|
Ancestor: Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî (vizier of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate) • Founder: Süleyman Pervâne • Capital: Sinop
Important centers and extension: Sinop
Dynasty: Süleyman Pervâne (1261-1277) • Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277-1296) • Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296-1300) • Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300-1326)
1516: Incorporation into the Beylik of Candaroğlu
Important works: Muîneddin Pervâne Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Tokat (1276) • Pervâne Medrese in Sinop • Durağan Han caravanserai in Durağan (1266) • Eğret Han caravanserai near İhsaniye (1278) • Pervâne Bey Medrese in Closed Bazaar in Kayseri • Mosque in Merzifon
|
| Ramazanoğlu (1352 - 1516) |
|---|
Founder: Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan • Capitals: Adana
Important centers and extension: Adana • Tarsus
Dynasty: Ramazanoğlu İbrahim Bey (1344-?) • Ramazanoğlu Ahmed Bey (? -1416) • Ramazanoğlu İbrahim Bey the Second (1416-1417) • Ramazanoğlu Hamza Bey (1417-1427) • Ramazanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1427-?) • Ramazanoğlu Eylük Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Dündar Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Ömer Bey (?-1490) • Gıyaseddin Halil Bey (1490-1511) • Ramazanoğlu Mahmud Bey (1511-1516) • Ramazanoğlu Selim Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Kubad Bey (1517-?)
1516: Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I • 1516 - 1608: Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
Important works:
|
| Saruhan (1302 - 1410) |
|---|
Founder: Saruhan Bey • Capital: Manisa
Important centers and extension: Demirci • Nif (Kemalpaşa) • Akhisar • Gördes • Menemen
Dynasty: Dynasty: Saruhan Bey (1302 - 1345) • Fahreddin İlyas Bey • Muzafferüddin İshak Bey ( - 1388) • Hızır Shah (1388 - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1410: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402-1403) • Hızır Shah (1403 - 1410) • 1410: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
Important works:
|
| Teke (1301 - 1423) |
|---|
Ancestors: Hamidoğlu dynasty • Founder: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey • Capitals: Antalya • Korkuteli
Important centers and extension: Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361-1373) • Teke Peninsula
Dynasty: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301 - ?) • Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey ( ? - 1327) • Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey ( ? - ?) • Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (? - ?) • Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~ 1360 - ~ 1375) • Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~ 1375 - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1423: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402-1423) • 1423: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~ 1375)
|
|
ar:سلاجقة الروم
de:Sultanat der Rum-Seldschuken
el:Σουλτανάτο του Ρουμ
es:Sultanato de Rüm
fa:سلجوقیان روم
fr:Sultanat de Roum
id:Kesultanan Rum
it:Sultanato di Iconio
he:סולטנות רום
ja:ルーム・セルジューク朝
pl:Sułtanat Rum
ru:Конийский султанат
tr:Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti
