Seigniorage

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Seigniorage (pronounced /ˈseɪnjərɪdʒ/ sayn-yə-rij), also spelled seignorage or seigneurage, is the net revenue derived from the issuing of currency. Seigniorage derived from coins arises from the difference between the face value of a coin and the cost of producing, distributing and eventually retiring it from circulation. Seigniorage derived from notes is the difference between the interest earned on securities acquired in exchange for bank notes and the costs of producing and distributing those bank notes.^[1] Seigniorage is an important source of revenue for some national banks. In macroeconomics, seigniorage is also referred to as an inflation tax, as government could pay for services by issuing new currency rather than by collecting taxes; the "inflation tax" is paid by those who hold the existing currency.^[2]

Contents 1 How it works 2 Further discussion 3 Examples 4 See also 5 External links 6 References

[edit] How it works

To see how seigniorage works, let's compare two scenarios.

Imagine you start the year with one ounce of gold. You trade it in for a gold certificate, which allows you to redeem the certificate for an ounce of gold. You keep the certificate for a year, then trade it in. At the end of the year you have exactly what you started with: one ounce of gold. No seigniorage occurred.

Now imagine that you have one ounce of gold, but the government doesn't issue gold certificates. Instead the government will convert your gold into currency at the market rate. If gold were $500 per ounce, then at the start of the year you trade your ounce for $500. You keep the currency for a year, then at the end of the year you trade the currency back in for an amount of gold. However, this time the price of gold increased over the year, so gold is now $525 per ounce. (Rather, a better way to put it, is that the currency has decreased in value over the course of the year due to inflation) You will receive slightly less than an ounce. This slight loss is due to seigniorage.

Even if you were then to use the currency to buy something, someone is holding the bill for the entire time and the government still has the gold.

Pithily, seignorage is the carry on money in circulation.

[edit] Further discussion

Ordinarily seigniorage is only an interest-free loan to the issuer. When the currency is worn out, the issuer buys it back at face value, thereby negating the revenue earned when it was put into circulation. Currently under the rules governing monetary operations of major central banks (including the central bank of the USA), seigniorage on bank notes is simply defined as the interest payments received by central banks on the total amount of currency issued. However, if the currency is collected, or is taken permanently out of circulation, the back end of the deal never occurs. Thus the issuer of the currency keeps the whole seigniorage profit, by not having to buy worn out issued currency back at face value.

Seigniorage can be seen as a form of tax levied on the holders of a currency and as such a redistribution of real resources to the issuer. The expansion of the money supply causes inflation. This means that the real wealth of people who hold cash or deposits decreases and the wealth of the issuer of the money increases. This is a redistribution of wealth from the people to the issuers of newly-created money (mostly banks) very similar to a tax.

This is one reason offered in support of the creation of modern, independent, central banks whose primary objective is arguably to ensure the value of currency by controlling monetary expansion and thus limiting inflation. Independence from government is required to reach this aim - indeed, it is well known in economic literature that governments face a conflict of interest in this regard. In fact, "hard money" advocates argue that central banks have utterly failed to obtain the objective of a stable currency. Under the gold standard, for example, the price level in both England and the US remained relatively stable over literally hundreds of years, though with some protracted periods of deflation^{[citation needed]}. Since the US Federal Reserve was formed in 1913, however, the US dollar has fallen to barely a twentieth of its former value through the consistently inflationary policies of the bank. Economists counter that deflation is hard to control once it sets in and its effects are much more damaging than modest, consistent inflation.

A seigniorage reform for the information age on a full-reserve banking base is proposed by Joseph Huber and James Robertson: Creating new money. They argue for the reappropriation by governments of the right of seigniorage now possessed by private banks. About 95% of new money currently issued takes the form of loans made by private banks to their customers. Huber and Robertson want to make this illegal. The creation of new money, both cash and non-cash should be the exclusive prerogative of the central bank. The latter should determine how much it creates in the light of the objectives chosen for the country's monetary policy and credit the new money to the government who will then put it into circulation by spending it.

However, it is important to reiterate that banks or governments relying heavily on seigniorage and fractional reserve as a source of revenue will find it counterproductive. Rational expectations of inflation will begin to take into account the bank's seigniorage strategy leading to hyperinflation which causes significant real damage to the economy. Instead of cashing seigniorage from fiat money and credit most governments opt to raise revenue primarily by other means, generally taxation.

[edit] Examples

The "50 State" series of quarters (25-cent coins) was launched in the U.S. in the late 1990s. The U.S. government planned on a large number of people collecting each new quarter as it rolled out of the U.S. Mint, thus taking the pieces out of circulation^{[citation needed]}. Since it costs the Mint less than five cents for each 25-cent piece it produces, the government made a profit whenever someone "bought" a coin and chose not to spend it. The U.S. Treasury estimates that it has earned about $5 billion in seigniorage revenue from the quarters so far. ^[3]

In some cases, national mints report the amount of seigniorage provided to the respective government; for example, the Royal Canadian Mint reported that in 2006 it delivered $93 million (Canadian) to the Government of Canada in seigniorage ("the difference between the face value of a coin and its cost of manufacture and distribution").^[4]

The introduction of €500 and €200 Euro notes is seen as a source of seigniorage revenue for the European Central Bank, particularly because no other major central bank issues currency in such large denominations ^[5]. The Monetary Authority of Singapore does, however, issue $1000 and $10000 denominations that are routinely circulated. ^[6]

[edit] See also

• Central bank
• Digital gold currency
• Fractional reserve banking
• Full reserve banking
• Money

[edit] External links

• Seignorage and inflation tax
• Extensive discussion

[edit] References

de:Seigniorage

es:Señoreaje fr:Seigneuriage it:Signoraggio no:Seigniorage sk:Razobné tr:Senyoraj zh:铸币税