Seed drill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A seed drill is a device allowing to plant seeds in the soil. Before the introduction of seed drill, the common practice was to "broadcast" seeds by hand. Besides being wasteful, broadcasting was very imprecise and led to a poor repartition of seeds, leading to low productivity.
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[edit] Functionality
The seed drill allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths at a specific seed rate. Prior to this farmers simply cast seeds on the ground, by hand, for them to grow where they landed (broadcasting). Some of the broadcast seeds were cast on unprepared ground where they never germinated, germinated prematurely only to be killed by frost or died from lack of access to water and nutrients.[1]
This invention gave farmers much greater control over the depth that the seed was planted and the ability to cover the seeds without back-tracking. This greater control meant that seeds germinated consistently and in good soil. A further, very important consideration in the days before selective herbicide was the ability that drilling afforded, to hoe the crop during the course of the growing season.
[edit] History
The Sumerians used primitive single-tube seed drills around 1,500 BCE, but the invention never reached Europe. Multi-tube seed drills were invented by the Chinese in the 2nd century BCE.[2]
The first known European seed drill was invented by Camillo Torello and patented by the Venetian Senate in 1566. A seed drill with a detailed description is known from Tadeo Cavalina of Bologna in 1602.[2] In England, the seed drill was further refined by Jethro Tull in 1701 in the Industrial Revolution. It is often thought that the seed drill was introduced in Europe following contacts with China, where the invention was very ancient and highly developed.[2] Seed drills would not come into major use in Europe until the mid-19th century.
Over the years seed drills have become more advanced and sophisticated but the technology has remained substantially the same. The first seed drills were small enough to be drawn by a single horse but the availability of steam and, later, gasoline tractors saw the development of larger and more efficient drills that allowed farmers to seed even larger tracts in a single day.
Recent improvements to drills allow seed-drilling without prior tilling or otherwise preparing the soil. This means that soils subject to erosion or moisture loss are protected until the seed germinates and grows enough to keep the soil in place.
[edit] Drilling
The term used for the mechanised sowing of an agricultural crop.
The seed from the hopper of a seed drill is distributed by a seed metering mechanism into a set of tubes arranged to provide a suitable distance between each other to allow optimum growth of the resulting plants. The seed falls into "drills", or channels made by a coulter.
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- "The Genius of China", Robert Temple, ISBN 1853752924
- History Channel, Where Did It Come From? "Episode: Ancient China: Agriculture"
[edit] External links
- Tiscali encyclopedia article on seed drills
- Conservation tillage
- Zero Tillage seed drilling in Pakistan
es:Sembradora fr:Semoir it:Seminatrice nl:Zaaimachine pl:Siewnik pt:Semeadeira sv:Såmaskin
