Second Spanish Republic
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The Second Spanish Republic is the name of the regime that existed in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country, and April 1 1939, when the last of the Republican (republicanas) forces surrendered to Nationalist (nacionales) forces in the Spanish Civil War. This article deals mainly with the period between 1931 and 1936; for the period between 1936 and 1939, see the Spanish Civil War article.
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[edit] 1931 Constitution
The first action of the provisional Government was to call for new elections, whose representatives would work on a new, Republican Constitution. This was approved on December 9, 1931. Among other constitutional freedoms, the new constitution was to establish freedom of speech and association, separation between Church and State and a right to divorce as well as extending universal suffrage to women. It also stripped Nobility of any juridic status, simplified the Legislative branch to a single chamber called the Congreso de los Diputados, and established legal procedures for the nationalisation of public services such as land, banks and railways. Though these last measures never came into effect, it became a source of disruption in the following years.
The Republican Constitution also changed the symbols of the country. The Himno de Riego was established as the National Anthem and the Tricolour, with three horizontal red-yellow-purple fields, became the flag of Spain. Under the new Constitution, Spain's regions had the right to Autonomy for the first time in history. Catalonia (1932) and the Basque Country (1936) exercised this right, with Andalucia, Aragón and Galicia in talks before the breakout of the Civil War. Overall, in spite of a wide range of liberties, the Constitution failed to agree in key areas with the conservative right, which was very powerfully rooted in rural areas, and the powerful Catholic Church, which was stripped of schools and public subsidies under the new Constitution. (For the later constitution, see Spanish Constitution of 1978.)
[edit] 1934–35 Period and Miners' Uprising
In these elections, the José María Gil Robles-led CEDA, a coalition of centre-right and right-wing parties ranging from Christian Democracy to Fascism, gained a majority and allied themselves to the Radical Republican Party of Lerroux, second in number of Congress representatives. Azaña and his socialist allies came third, probably due to their failed reforms. With Lerroux as head of Government, this new Executive suspended most of the reforms of the previous one.
The entry of three CEDA ministers into the government on October 1 1934 led to a general strike and an armed uprising by socialists and anarchists in Asturias on October 6. Miners in Asturias occupied the capital, Oviedo, killing authorities, clergymen and burning theatres and the University. The Army, led by General Francisco Franco took two weeks to eventually crush the rebellion, destroying large areas of the city in the process leading Franco to be dubbed the "Butcher of Asturias" by the Left. There was another rebellion in Catalonia of an autonomist nature, which was also suppressed and followed by mass political arrests and trials.
The suppression of the land reforms tried by the previous Government and the failure of the Asturias' uprising caused a more radical turn within the left parties, especially in PSOE, where the moderate Indalecio Prieto was losing voice to Francisco Largo Caballero, who advocated a socialist revolution regardless of cost and consequences, much like in the USSR. Also, the involvement of Lerroux's party in the Straperlo scandal deeply weakened the Centre party and further polarized the political spectrum between far-right and far-left parties, something that became evident in the 1936 election.
[edit] The 1936 Election
On January 7 1936, new Elections were called and Socialists, Communists, Catalan and Madrid-based left-wing Republicans, in spite of their major rivalries and differences, decided to work together under the name Popular Front. The results of the election on February 16 gave a lead of 263 MPs in favor of left-wing parties against 156 right-wing MPs, grouped within the National Front (coalition with CEDA, Carlists and Monarchists). This wide margin was achieved despite a difference of votes of 4.65 million to 4.50 million. Centre parties virtually disappeared, with Lerroux's group going from 104 (1934) to 9 representatives.
Manuel Azaña was again named President of the Government, but in April Alcalá-Zamora was dismissed and Azaña took his position as Head of State on May 10, thus removing from Government the leader more capable of bringing together all the different factions in the Spanish republican left.
In the following months, violence between left and right-wing extremists spread. As a result, the Spanish Phalanx, a Nationalist party led by José Antonio Primo de Rivera (son of the former dictator) and inspired by Fascism rose sharply. From having only 0.7 per cent of votes in the election, by July it had 40,000 members.
On July 12, Lieutenant José Castillo, an important member of the anti-fascist military organization Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista (UMRA), was murdered by Falangist gunmen.
The following day, several of Castillo's comrades shot dead José Calvo Sotelo, then leader of the right-wing opposition. Calvo Sotelo was the most prominent Spanish monarchist and had protested against what he viewed as an escalating anti-religious terror, expropriations, and hasty agricultural reforms, which he considered Bolshevist and Anarchist. Calvo Sotelo had declared that Spanish soldiers "would be mad to not rise for Spain against anarchy".[citation needed]
Sotelo's murder aroused suspicions among the right of government involvement in the act, and is sometimes seen as the catalyst for further political polarization. Yet well before this, Falangists and rightist civilian conspirators such as Juan de la Cierva had been coordinating with Francisco Franco and other rebel officers with the intent of launching a coup d'état.[1] Both Castillo and Calvo Sotelo were buried July 14; fighting between Police Assault Guard and fascist militias broke out in the streets surrounding the cemetery of Madrid, resulting in four deaths.
Three days later (July 17), the army uprising began more or less as planned in Spanish Morocco, spreading to several regions of the country. That the uprising did not "take" outright as did previous military coups resulted in its development into a full-blown civil war with the Madrid government.
[edit] Civil War
[edit] Exile
A Spanish Republican Government in Exile was immediately formed in Mexico City. The legislature was last reunited on November 9, 1945, in Mexico City, to elect the President Diego Martinez Barrio and gave a vote of confidence to the government of José Giral. In 1946, after the end of WWII, the offices were transferred in Paris. Many states withdraw recognition when the Spanish State was admitted to United Nations, in 1953, after the repeal of the ban on diplomatic missions imposed on the Franco regime.
On July 15, 1977, the same day of the first free elections in Spain since 1936 José Maldonado Gonzalez, last President of the Republic, recognized the elections and declared the dissolution of the Spanish Republic.
[edit] Conclusion
The Second Republic was marked by a period of worldwide economic depression, and the resulting high unemployment and poverty led to dissatisfaction with the republican government as well as traditional centers of power, such as the Church, landowners, and the nobility. In the ensuing civil unrest, violence in the form of assassination, revolutionary general strikes, and mob actions increased dangerously.
In the context of the rise of totalitarian government, especially Nazism in Germany, Fascism in Italy and Stalinism in the Soviet Union, political discourse became increasingly polarized. Rather than working towards consensus between political forces, politicians leaned towards radicalization and resorted to violence: by 1936, politicians such as Largo Caballero called openly for a "bloody workers' Revolution".
The murders of the leftist military leader Castillo and the rightist politician Calvo Sotelo opened the way to a rapidly increasing flood of violence between the political left and right. There remains to the present day controversy and debate over whether responsibility for the initial violence and its escalation rests with the political left or the political right. Arguments have been made that rightist elements initiated the coup d'etat against the increasingly ungovernable Republic in response to the threats of communism, anarchism, anti-clericalism, and the violence that accompanied these trends. Conversely, it is also asserted by others, such as the historian Helen Graham, that the nationalist revolt was in essence a betrayal of the Republic and an attempt by the formerly powerful to violently reassert their authority. Regardless of the attribution of blame or responsibility, history bears evidence to the fact that from 1936 Spain entered a chaotic period of incredible violence and brutality in which not only partisans of the right and left but also ordinary citizens bore the burden of war, poverty, and murder.
[edit] References
- ^ Antony Beevor. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. New York: Penguin Books, 2006. p. 51
[edit] External links
- Constitución de la República Española (1931)
- Pro-Republic, 75th Anniversary Manifiesto (Spanish)
- Original article from the beginning of the Spanish Civil War in "The Guardian" archives.
- History of the republic and the victory of the Popular Front in electionsast:Segunda República Española
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Categories: Former countries in Europe | Former republics | Former polities of the Interwar period | Short-lived states | 1931 establishments | 1939 disestablishments | History of Spain | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Spanish Civil War
