Sea lion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Sea lion is a common name that does not correspond to a single taxonomic unit. For a more comprehensive discussion of all eared seals, including the fur seals, see Otariid. For other uses of the term "sea lion", see Sea lion (disambiguation).
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| Image:Sealion052006.JPG A sea lion in Monterey, California
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Sea lions are any of seven species in six genera of modern pinnipeds including one extinct one (the Japanese sea lion). Sea lions are characterized by the presence of external ear pinnae or flaps, long front flippers, and the ability to walk on four flippers on land. Their range extends from the subarctic to tropical waters of the global ocean in both the northern and southern hemispheres with the notable exception of the Atlantic Ocean. They are generally found in shallow waters of coastal areas of both with abundant food resources.[1]
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[edit] Taxonomy
Together with the fur seals, they comprise the Otariidae family, collectively known as eared seals. Until recently, sea lions were grouped under a single subfamily called Otariinae to distinguish them from the fur seals Arcocephalinae, based on the most prominent common feature between all species, namely the lack of dense underfur characteristic of the latter. Recent genetic evidence, however, strongly suggests that the Callorhinus, the genus of the Northern fur seal is more closely related to some sea lion species than to the fur seal genus Arctocephalus.[2] Therefore the fur seal/sealion subfamily distinction has been largely eliminated. Nonetheless, all sea lions have certain features in common, in particular the coarse, short fur, greater bulk and larger prey than fur seals.
[edit] Status
While sea lions were never hunted commercially as intensely as fur seals, some species have historically been hunted for subsistence purposes. A combination of overfishing, shooting by fishermen and climate change have presumably led to the decline of the Steller sea lion population in Alaska by as much as 80% since the 1970s.[3][4] In contrast, California sea lions are abundant and the population continues to expand at a rate of approximately 5.0% annually, as it has since the mid-1970s.[5]
[edit] Interactions with humans
Some species of sea lions are readily trainable and are often a popular attraction at zoos and aquariums. The archetypical circus seal performing behaviors such as throwing and catching balls on their noses and clapping is almost always, in fact, a sea lion.
The government of Japan has set a quota of 116 kills per year in Hokkaido,[citation needed] as sea lions are seen as a threat to commercial fisheries. International environmentalists and local fishery advocates continue to debate the issue.
The Norwegian government has set a quota of 200 kills per year.[citation needed]
Sea lions have been trained by the U.S. Navy's Marine Mammal Program, based in San Diego to detain scuba divers.[6]
Sea lion attacks on humans are rare, but have occurred in at least a single notable case, in which a 13 year-old Australian girl was attacked while in the water. Sources said that the likeliest explanation was that the animal was attempting to play with the girl.[7][8][9]
The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its animals. They often depicted sea lions in their art.[10]
[edit] Species
- SUBORDER PINNIPEDIA
- Family Otariidae
- Genus Arctocephalus (southern fur seal species)
- Genus Callorhinus (northern fur seal)
- Genus Eumetopias
- Steller Sea Lion, E. jubatus
- Genus Neophoca
- Australian Sea Lion, N. cinerea
- Genus Otaria
- South American Sea Lion, O. flavescens
- Genus Phocarctos
- New Zealand Sea Lion or Hooker's Sea Lion, P. hookeri
- Genus Zalophus
- California Sea Lion, Z. californianus
- Japanese Sea Lion, Z. japonicus - extinct (1950s)
- Galapagos Sea Lion, Z. wollebaeki
- Family Phocidae: true seals
- Family Odobenidae: Walrus
[edit] Hybrids
A hybrid sea lion from a cross between the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) has occurred.[citation needed]
[edit] References
- ^ ANIMAL BYTES - Sea Lions & Fur Seals. Retrieved on 2007-07-21.
- ^ Wynen, L.P. et al. (2001) Phylogenetic relationships within the eared seals (Otariidae: Carnivora): implications for the historical biogeography of the family. Mol. Phylog. Evol. 21, 270–284
- ^ Clover, Charles. 2004. The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
- ^ Dalton, Rex. 2005. "Is this any way to save a species?." Nature 436, 7 July 2005, 14-16.
- ^ Lowry, Mark S. and Karin A. Forney, Abundance and distribution of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in central and northern California during 1998 and summer 1999. Fishery Bulletin, Vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 331-343.
- ^ Watkins, Thomas (2007-02-12). Navy may deploy anti-terrorism dolphins. Associated Press. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
- ^ BBC News: Sea lion attacks Australian girl
- ^ news.com.au: Monster sea lion likely to be 'playing' with teen
- ^ Sea lion mauls girl
- ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Video of Sea Lions on the Otago Peninsula, Dunedin, New Zealandzh-min-nan:Hái-sai
bg:Морски лъвове de:Seelöwe es:Otariinae eo:Marleono fr:Lion de mer ko:바다사자 hr:Morski lavovi io:Marleono he:אריות ים ka:ზღვის ლომი (ცხოველი) nl:Zeeleeuwen ja:アシカ pt:Leão-marinho simple:Sea lion sl:Morski levi fi:Merileijonat th:สิงโตทะเล zh-yue:海獅 zh:海獅
