Scandinavian defence union
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A Scandinavian defence union that would include Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark was planned between the four countries after World War II. Finland had been fighting against two of the superpowers of the time, Denmark and Norway had been occupied by Germany between 1940 and 1945, and Sweden, while having escaped the horrors of occupation and war, had still felt the effects of the war. All four countries were unanimous that a united defence would be of utmost importance to prevent a repetition of the terrors that a new war would bring, even if the specific details of the nature of the union would have to be negotiated.
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[edit] The position of Finland
Finland, which had fought two wars against the Soviet Union and one war against Nazi Germany, had close relations with the other Scandinavian countries. After the Continuation War where the Soviet Union forced Finland to sue for peace, but failed in its goal of conquering and annexing the country (in a manner similar to the Baltic States), Finland became neutral and retained democratic government and market economy. However, as the country shared 1300 kilometres of border with USSR, the position of the Soviet Union could not be ignored in Finnish politics. Regarding the Finnish membership in the Scandinavian defence union, far reaching discussions on state-level were made with the other candidate countries. These discussions were abruptly ended, when Sweden made a specific requirement, that approval from the Soviet Union must be received if Finland is to join. The Soviet answer was bluntly negative and Finland stayed neutral. In 1948, Finland had signed the YYA Treaty with the Soviet Union, and according to the Soviet point of view, this agreement prohibited Finland's membership in any alliances that it could consider being of military nature, even in those created for defensive reasons. Interestingly, the YYA treaty did not stop the Soviet Union from creating the Warsaw Pact in 1955.
[edit] Norway and Denmark join NATO
The other three Scandinavian countries would, if they had entered into an alliance, have remained separate sovereign countries but acted as a single bloc in foreign policy and security issues. The proposed union was being discussed by a joint Scandinavian committee during the winter of 1948-1949, but the Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, and preparations for a western alliance that would result in the North Atlantic Treaty proved that the efforts were in vain. When it became known that the western alliance would not be able to supply the Scandinavian countries with armaments before meeting their own pressing needs, this issue ultimately proved to be the turning point for Norway, which resigned from the talks. Denmark was still willing to enter into an alliance with Sweden, but the Swedes saw few advantages in this and the proposal fell. Norway and Denmark subsequently became signatory parties of the North Atlantic Treaty and members of NATO.
[edit] The basis of Swedish neutrality
Sweden chose not to join NATO, despite a fierce debate on the issue. One of the strongest proponents was Herbert Tingsten, editor-in-chief of Dagens Nyheter, the largest newspaper in Sweden, who used the editorial to argue why Sweden should join. He found a great opponent in the foreign minister of the time Östen Undén, who argued that Sweden should stay non-aligned and remain neutral in case of war. During the WW II Finland never waivered to attacks in the north by the Nazis, and on her eastern border to the Soviet invasion attempt. Finland valliantly showed fortitude and defeated both invaders always remaining independent during the conflict, unlike Norway and Denmark which were invaded by the Nazis in a matter of a few weeks. The position of Sweden as a member of the western world was not in doubt, but it could not, based on the choices it had made on foreign policy, join the western military alliance.
[edit] See also
- Scandinavism
- Swedish neutrality
- Schleswig-Holstein Question
- Military of Sweden
- Norwegian Defence Force
- Military of Denmark
- Finnish Defence Forces
- Operation Weserübung
- Swedish neutrality during World War II
- Occupation of Denmark
- British campaign in Norway
- Norwegian resistance movement
- Vidkun Quisling
- Winter War
- Continuation War
- Lapland Warda:Skandinavisk forsvarsalliance
de:Skandinavisches Verteidigungsbündnis fr:Union de défense scandinave
