Scalping

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For other uses, see Scalping (disambiguation).

Native American Big Mouth Spring with decorated scalp lock on right shoulder.

Scalping is the act of removing the scalp, usually with the hair, as a portable proof or trophy of prowess in war. The practice has been known in Europe, Asia and Africa. Scalping is also associated with frontier warfare in North America, and was practiced by Native Americans and white colonists and frontiersmen over centuries of violent conflict.

1 Scythia
2 Northern Europe
3 North America
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links

[edit] Scythia

Scalping was practiced by the ancient Scythians of Eurasia. Herodotus, the Greek historian, wrote of the Scythians in 440 BC: "The Scythian soldier scrapes the scalp clean of flesh and softening it by rubbing between the hands, uses it thenceforth as a napkin. The Scyth is proud of these scalps and hangs them from his bridle rein; the greater the number of such napkins that a man can show, the more highly is he esteemed among them. Many make themselves cloaks by sewing a quantity of these scalps together".

[edit] Northern Europe

Scalps were taken in wars between the Visigoths, the Franks and the Anglo-Saxons in the 9th century according to the writings of Abbott Emmanuel H. D. Domenech. His sources included the decalvare of the ancient Germans, the capillos et cutem detrahere of the code of the Visigoths, and the Annals of Flodoard.

[edit] North America

Image:Robert McGee, scalped as a child by Sioux Chief Little Turtle in 1864.jpg

Robert McGee, scalped as a teenager by Sioux Chief Little Turtle, in 1864.

According to ethnohistorian James Axtell, there is abundant evidence that the Native American practice of scalping existed long before Europeans arrived. Axtell argues that there is no evidence that the early European explorers and settlers who came to the Americas were familiar with the ancient European practice of scalping, or that they ever taught scalping to Native Americans. Axtell writes that the idea that Europeans taught scalping to Native Americans became popular recently, during the 1960s. This idea quickly became conventional wisdom because it fit the tenor of the times of the counter-cultural 1960s, writes Axtell, but he argues that archaeological, historical, pictorial, and linguistic evidence contradicts this notion. Certain tribes of Native Americans practiced scalping, in some instances up until the 19th century.

The standard Native American technique for scalping was to place a knee between the shoulders while the body was on the ground, to cut a long arc in the front of the scalp, and then to pull back on the hair. If the person survived, the person's facial features droop. Women would sometimes make a tight braid to pull the skin back up.

Both Native Americans and American frontiersmen frequently scalped their victims in this era. It is believed that contact with Europeans widened the practice of scalping among Native Americans, since some Euro-American governments encouraged the practice among their Native American allies by offering bounties for scalps during times of war.

Examples of the payment for scalps are those issued by; the Government of Massachusetts in 1744 for the scalps of Indian men, women, and children, Governor Edward Cornwallis' proclamation of 1749 to settlers of Halifax for the payment of Indian scalps, and the French for payments in 1749 to the Indians for the scalps of British soldiers.

In the American Revolutionary War the rebel Governor of Pennsylvania in April, 1780 offered $1,000 for each Indian scalp.

In the American Revolutionary War, Henry Hamilton, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, was known by American Patriots as the "hair-buyer general" because they believed he encouraged and paid his Native American allies to scalp American settlers. When Hamilton was captured in the war by the Americans, he was treated as a war criminal instead of a prisoner of war because of this. American historians have conceded there was no positive proof that he had ever offered rewards for scalps.^[1] During the American Revolution no British officer paid for scalps.^[2]

According to Cherokee shaman Bear Heart, Native American warriors scalped only enemies they saw as brave and honorable combatants. Thus wearing an enemy's scalp was a sign of accomplishment. Famously, General Custer was not scalped after the Battle of Little Big Horn because he was seen as a coward.^{[citation needed]}

In Canada, a 1756 British proclamation issued by Governor Charles Lawrence offering reward for each scalp has yet to be officially repealed.[2]

Blood Meridian, the famous novel by Cormac McCarthy, is about a group of mercenaries making a living off of indian scalps, and features the activity extensively.