Russian Mafia

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The Russian Mob or Mafia, Russkaya Mafiya, Red Mafia, Krasnaya Mafiya or Bratva (slang for 'brotherhood'), is a name given to a broad group of organized criminals of various ethnicity which appeared in the former Soviet Union territories after its disintegration in 1991. The Russian Mob's own members have been known to call their crime group "Organizatsiya" ("The Organization").

The factual accuracy of this article is disputed.

Contents

[edit] Background

Amid the political uncertainty that has engulfed the former Soviet Union since the end of the Cold War in 1991, organized crime has flourished. Intelligence reports emanating out of Russia peg the numerical size of the Russian Mafia ("mafiya") at 100,000, while others estimate over 3 million.[citation needed]

Many of the bosses and main members of the Russian mafia are believed to be ex-Soviet Army and ex-KGB officers who lost their posts in the reduction of forces that began in 1993 after the end of the Cold War.[citation needed] It is also believed that some of the groups' enforcers are former Russian military. Russian mobsters also recruit boxers, martial artists, and weightlifters.[citation needed]

The Russian Mafia appears to be organized in similar ways to the Italian mafia.[citation needed]It is believed, however, to be a very loose organization with internal feuds and murders being commonplace. A particularly brutal practice rumored to be utilized by the Russian Mafia is the killing of not only the individual who has "snitched" or turned against the Organizatsiya, but also the individual's family. The Russian Mafia is notorious for underground operations and clean transactions, and, unlike certain vestiges of the Italian mafia, it is known for its secrecy and un-flamboyant manner.[citation needed]

The bosses are allegedly ex-KGB (see above). Unlike other organized crime organizations where there is a semi-hereditary hierarchy, which often fragments after the death of leaders, the Russian Mafia works with a strict professional hierarchy.[citation needed]

[edit] History

Despite seeming to arise during the Fall of the Soviet Union, organized crime had existed throughout the imperial and communist eras as a form of open rebellion against the systems in the form of the "Thief's World". During this time organized crime was fiercely honor-based and often attacked and killed traitors among their ranks. Nevertheless, during World War II, many enlisted in the Russian Army resulting in the Suka Wars, which killed many of the thieves who were branded as government allies as well as the original thief underworld during Stalin's reign. The criminals, seeking a new survival strategy, began to ally with the elite in the Soviet Union as a means of survival, creating a powerful Russian black market.

The real breakthrough for criminal organizations occurred during the economic disaster and mass emigration of the 1990s that followed the fall of the Soviet Union. Desperate for money, many former government workers turned to crime, others joined the large numbers of Soviet citizens who moved overseas primarily to the United States and the Mafia became a natural extension of this trend. According to official estimates, some 100,000 Russians are committed mobsters, with a large but unknown number engaging in these criminal practices on and off.[citation needed]

Backed by its extensive connection to the apparatchick power network of the Soviet Union, between 1992 and 1994 the Russian Mafia targeted the commercial centers of power, seizing control of the nation’s fragile banking system. At first the criminal gangs were content to merely “park” their large cash holdings in legitimate institutions, but soon they realized that the next step was the easiest of all: direct ownership of the bank itself.

Banking executives, reform-minded business leaders, even investigative journalists, were systematically assassinated or kidnapped. In 1993 alone, members of the eight criminal gangs that control the Moscow underworld murdered 10 local bankers. Calling themselves “Thieves in Law” (vori v zakone), Russian gangsters murdered ninety-five bankers between 1993 and 1998.

Beginning in the late 1970s systematically, the Communist bloc began encouraging large numbers of its people to emigrate to the United States and Europe. Encouraged by diplomatic feelers put out by the Soviet government, both the Carter and Reagan Administration in association with the government of Israel, began pushing for the emigration of the Soviets large Jewish population. That was soon joined by other non-Jewish ethnicities. By the late 1980s large colonies of former Soviet and Communist bloc subjects had been established throughout the United States. Most of these ethnic colonies became dominated by the Soviet crime groups who answered to their associates and superiors in the USSR. After the fall of the Soviet Union that emigration increased.

Via their large communities throughout the West and in particular the United States, since the mid-90s the crime groups have been trying to expand their criminal empire into America, most often via the trafficking of drugs, illegal weapons and prostitutes. This has led to some brutal wars with the organizations already present, including the Italian Mafia, and Chinese Triads all of whom also had their own communities to operate inside of with protection.

This has led to a number of alliances between the gangs of the former USSR and others. The group is believed to have links to Colombian drug smugglers and many smaller gangs as a result of the fall of the Soviet Union. Some also believe they are at the heart of gangs smuggling illegal workers west to the European Union and often Britain, though no proof has been offered for this at this time. While the home of the Russian Mafia in America is in the Brighton Beach neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York City, it is also widely believed that there is a prominent West Coast operation as well, with constant communication between the two coasts.

Over the last few years, the FBI and Russian security services have tried to crack down on the Mafia, though the impact of this crackdown has yet to be measured.

[edit] Organizations

  • The Solntsevskaya bratva, or Solntsevskaya brotherhood (Russian:Солнцевская братва), is one of if not the most powerful organized crime group operating in Moscow today.
  • Dolgoprudnenskaya is a Russian mafia organization and is considered one of the largest groups of organized crime operating in Moscow. It is named after Dolgoprudniy, which is a Moscow suburb. It was founded in 1988 and is allegedly very influential.[1]
  • The Izmailovskaya gang (Russian: Измайловская) is considered one of the country's most important and oldest Russian Mafia groups in Moscow and also has a presence in Tel Aviv, Paris, Toronto, Miami and New York City.[2] It was founded during the 1980s under the leadership of Oleg Ivanov and was recently estimated to consist of about 200 active members (according to other data of 300-500 people). In principle, the organization is divided into two separate bodies - Izmailovskaya and Gol'yanovskaya,[3] which utilize quasi-military ranks and strict internal discipline. It is involved extensively in murder-for-hire, extortions, and infiltration of legitimate businesses.[4]
  • The Obshina, or Chechen mafia, is a formidable organized crime group in the Russian underworld. According to experts, ethnic Chechen criminal gangs form the most dominant minority criminal group in Russia. It is believed some gangs may have ties to Chechen militant factions.
  • The Potato Bag gang was a gang of con artists operating in New York's Brighton Beach in the mid-70's.
  • The Orekhovskaya gang was a powerful criminal group in between the late 1980s and early 90s.

[edit] Mafia Personalities

[edit] Foreign businessmen and the Russian Mafia

An unknown number of foreign businessmen, believed to be in the low thousands, arrived in Russia from all over the world during the early and mid 1990s to seek their fortune and to cash in on the transition from a communist to a free market/capitalist society. This period was referred to by many of the businessmen as the "second great gold rush".

Generally, 1990 to 1998 was a wild and unstable time for most foreign businessmen operating in Russia. Dangerous battles with the Russian Mob occurred, with many being killed or wounded. The Mafia welcomed the foreign businessmen and their expertise in facilitating business and making things happen in a stagnant and new economy. The Mafia considered them as a good source of hard currency, to be extorted under the usual guise of "protection money". Many different Mafia groups would fiercely compete to be able to "protect" a certain businessman; in exchange, the businessman would not have to worry about having more than one group showing up demanding tribute from him. Many foreign businessmen left Russia after these incidents.

[edit] Foreign businessmen associated with the Russian mafia

  • Paul Tatum: American joint owner of Radisson-Slavanskaya Hotel in Moscow; shot 11 times in the head and neck (his attacker knew he was wearing a bulletproof vest) and killed in a sensational shooting in a Moscow Metro station in November 1996 for refusing to pay "krysha" and to be squeezed out by a silent partner. Tatum was surrounded by his own bodyguards when attacked; however, they made no attempt to save him and allowed his attacker to escape unharmed. Tatum had, only weeks before this, taken out a full-page ad in a local newspaper denouncing his Chechen partner Umar Dzhabrailov for trying to squeeze him out of their hotel joint venture. Tatum, a multi-millionaire, had connections to the then U.S. President Bill Clinton and many high ranking Moscow politicians. His murder has not been solved.
  • Ken Rowe: Canadian businessman and joint owner of Moscow Aerostar Hotel; threatened by the Russian mafia in an attempt to force him out of a joint hotel-airline venture. Mafia at one point entered the hotel with armed men and forced all employees out. Rowe later fought back and seized an Aeroflot aircraft in Montreal to recover his award in a Russian court.

[edit] The Russian Mafia in popular culture

[edit] Films

[edit] Video games

  • The Russian Mafia is one of the main factions in the LucasArts game Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction.
  • Max Payne 2, one of main characters, Vladimir Lem, is with the Russian Mafia.
  • The Russian Mafia is a key gang in the upcoming Grand Theft Auto IV. The main character is from Eastern Europe with an accent that sounds Russian.
  • The Russian Mafia appears in GTA2 as a gang that the main character, Claude, can work with to get jobs from.
  • The Russian Mafia are prominently featured in a mission of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, where they occupy the Atrium building in Los Santos.
  • The Russian Mafia plays a part in Gangland.
  • The Russian Mafia play an important role in the plot of Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell.
  • The Russian Mafia is a main antagonist in The Punisher.
  • The Russian Mafia play a role in John Woo's Stranglehold.
  • The Russian Mafia are represented as the Volk in Crackdown.
  • The Russian Mafia is very prominent in Hitman series. In Hitman: Codename 47, one of main targets is Arkadij "Boris" Egorov, an influental russian mafia gunrunner. In Hitman 2: Silent Assassin, the main antagonist is a russian mafia boss named Sergei Zavorotko. There are also several russian army generals and lesser criminals, which are as well could be counted as mafia members.

[edit] Comics/Anime

  • In particular,DC Comics' 'Batman' comic book line during late 2006 and early 2007, the Russian mafia was highly involved in a conspiracy against the main villain and his sister, who was a former lover of Bruce Wayne's(aka Batman). The Russian mafia have also been used in other Batman comic book storylines, previously.

[edit] Books

  • In the Artemis Fowl series, Artemis Fowl I is held captive by the Russian Mafia.
  • "Supermob: How Sidney Korshak and His Criminal Associates Became America's Hidden Power Brokers," Gus Russo, Bloomsbury, NY 2006.
  • In Jeffrey Archer's "The Eleventh Commandment", former CIA agent Connor Fitzgerald is indirectly employed by the Russian Mafia to carry out a hit on the newly-elected Russian president, Victor Zeremski. The Russian mafiya are later seen working alongside, and against, the governments of the United States and Russia.
  • Vodka, 2005, Boris Starling
  • In Chris Ryan's 1998 novel The Kremlin Device the protagonist must train the Russian armed forces in anti-mafia strategies.
  • In James Patterson's book "big bad wolf & london bridges" the main villain was the leader or the Red Mafia, his nickname was Wolf.

[edit] Television

[edit] See also

The HBO series, The Wire, in season Two the Russian Mafia plays a major role.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Oleg Liakhovich, A Mob by Any Other Name, The Moscow News
  2. ^ B. Ohr, Effective Methods to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal Justice Processes US Dept. of Justice
  3. ^ Домашняя библиотека компромата Сергея Горшкова (Home library of Sergei Gorshkov)
  4. ^ US, COMM, PERM, p. 201

[edit] Further reading

  1. James O. Finckenauer & Elin J. Waring, Russian Mafia in America: Immigration, Culture and Crime, Northeastern University Press Boston, 1998, ISBN 1-55553-374-4.
  2. Mark Galeotti (ed.), Russian and Post-Soviet Organized Crime, Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2002, ISBN 0-7546-2176-6
  3. Federico Varese, The Russian Mafia, Oxford University Press, 2001.
  4. Robert I. Friedman, Red mafya, Penguin Group, 2002, ISBN 0-425-18687-3.
  5. Yvonne Bornstein and Mark Ribowsky, "Eleven Days of Hell: My True Story Of Kidnapping, Terror, Torture And Historic FBI & KGB Rescue" AuthorHouse, 2004. ISBN 1-4184-9302-3.
  6. Teresa Staffer, "Russian mafia leaves Bay Area Jews alone, officials say," The Jewish News Weekly, March 22, 1996.
  7. "Red Cocaine," Joseph D. Douglass, Ph.D. (Chronicles Soviet development of South American drug cartels.)
  8. Claire Sterling, Thieves' World: The Threat of the New Global Network of Organized Crime, Simon & Schuster, 1994, ISBN 0671749978.

[edit] External links

"Midnight in Moscow - Part Two Of The ISIS Project" by M. D. Johnson available September 2008ar:المافيا الروسية es:Mafia rusa fr:Mafia russe it:Organizatsya ka:რუსული მაფია nl:Russische maffia ja:ロシアン・マフィア pl:Mafia rosyjska pt:Máfia Russa ru:Русская мафия fi:Venäjän mafia ta:சிகப்பு மாஃப்பியா zh:俄羅斯黑手黨

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