Romansh

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Romansh
Rumantsch
Spoken in: Image:Flag of Switzerland.svg Switzerland 
Region: Graubünden
Total speakers: 35,095 (Swiss federal census 2000)[1]
Language family: Indo-European
 Italic
  Romance
   Italo-Western
    Western
     Gallo-Iberian
      Gallo-Romance
       Gallo-Rhaetian
        Rhaetian
         Romansh 
Official status
Official language in: Switzerland
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: rm
ISO 639-2: roh
ISO 639-3: roh
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
Not to be confused with Romand which is one of the names for the Franco-Provençal language.

Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of the four national languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian and French. It is one of the Rhaeto-Romance languages, believed to have descended from the Vulgar Latin variety spoken by Roman era occupiers of the region, and, as such, somewhat resembles Italian, French, Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. As of the 2000 Swiss Census, it is spoken by 35,095[1] residents of the canton of Graubünden (Grisons) as the language of "best command", and 60,815 in the "best command" plus "most spoken" categories[2]. Spoken now by around 0.9% of Switzerland's 7.5 million inhabitants, it is Switzerland's least-used national language in terms of number of speakers, and half as popular as Switzerland's most-used non-official languages (Serbian and Croatian, with some 101,450 speakers).

Contents

[edit] Dialects

Romansh is an umbrella term covering a group of closely-related dialects, spoken in southern Switzerland and all belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance language family. The other members of this language family are from northern Italy: Ladin, with which Romansh is more closely related, is spoken by some 22,550 in the Dolomite mountains of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, and Friulian is spoken by around 550,000–595,000 people in northeastern Italy.

The five largest dialects in the Romansh family are:

  • The Rhine Dialects
  • The Engadine or Ladin Dialects
    • Puter — the upper Engadine valley (Engiadin' Ota)
    • Vallader — the lower Engadine valley (Engiadina Bassa) and the Mustair valley (Val Müstair)

Puter and Vallader are sometimes referred to as one specific variety known as ladin, as they have retained this word to mean "Romansh". However, ladin is primarily associated with the closely related language in Italy's Dolomite mountains also known as Ladin. The ISO 639 language codes are rm and roh.

Romansh is spoken in the Swiss canton of Grisons or Graubünden, "the Grey League", which preserves the name of the self-defense organization of Romance speakers set up in the 15th century. It became part of Switzerland in 1803. Germans once called this language Chur-Wälsch, "foreign speech of Chur", for Chur was once the center of Romansh. Chur, and even its cross-river suburb of Wälschdorfli ("foreign village"), now speak German: Romansh survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn.

[edit] Standardisation

Romansh was nationally standardised in 1982 by Zürich-based linguist Heinrich Schmid. The standardised language, called Rumantsch Grischun, has been slowly accepted. On the orthographic level, Schmid sought to avoid all "odd-looking" spellings, in order to increase general acceptability of the new idiom and its spelling. Therefore, words with /tɕ/ followed by /a/, /o/, /u/ have <ch> (for example chalanda) as both speakers of Engadin (chalanda) and the Rhine territory (calanda) expect a spelling with <c>. However, <che> and <chi> are pronounced /ke/ and /ki/, <k> being a grapheme deemed unfit for a Romance language such as Romansh; therefore, words with /tɕ/ plus /e/ or /i/ have <tg> (for example tgirar) instead of <ch>. The use of <sch> for both /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and of <tsch> for /tʃ/ is taken over from German, making Romansh spelling a compromise between Romance (Italian, French) and German spelling.

The Lia Rumantscha is the umbrella organization for all Romansh associations.

[edit] Official status in Switzerland

Romansh has been recognized as one of four "national languages" by the Swiss Federal Constitution since 1938. It was also declared an "official language" of the Confederation in 1996, meaning that Romansh speakers may use their Romansh idiom for correspondence with the federal government and expect to receive a Romansh response – in Rumantsch Grischun, because the federal authorities use the standardized idiom exclusively. However, the Constitution specifies that only native Romansh speakers can claim this privilege.[3]

In what the Federal Culture Office itself admits is "more a placatory and symbolic use" of Romansh, the federal authorities occasionally translate some official texts into Romansh and the official logo of the Confederation features all four languages. In general, though, demand for Romansh-language services is low, because according to the Federal Culture Office, Romansh speakers may either dislike the official Rumantsch Grischun idiom or prefer to use German in the first place, as most are perfectly bilingual.

On the cantonal level, Romansh is an official language only in the trilingual canton of Graubünden, where the municipalities in turn are free to specify their own official languages.

Image:Sprachen GR 2000.png
Distribution of Romansh in canton Graubünden (2000), with Romansh areas shown in magenta.

[edit] Literature

See also: Romansh and Ladin branch of Swiss literature

The emergence of Romansh as a literary language is generally dated to the mid-16th century. The Engadine dialect was first printed as early as 1552 in Jacob Bifrun's Christiauna fuorma, a catechism; a translation of the New Testament followed in 1560.

[edit] Phonology

[edit] Consonants

The consonant phonemes of Romansh (Rumantsch Grischun) are set out in the following chart:

  Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Dental and
alveolar 		Alveolo-
palatal 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Stop p  b   t  d       k  g
Affricate     ts tɕ  dʑ tʃ    
Nasal m   n     ɲ ŋ
Fricative   f  v s  z   ʃ  ʒ    
Approximant     r     j  
Lateral approximant     l     ʎ  

[edit] Vowels

The vowel phonemes of Romansh are shown in the table below:

Monophthongs Front Back
Close i u
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
Diphthongs Closer component
is front 		Closer component
is back
Closing ai au
Opening ie  

Schwa /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables. Vowel length is predictable:

  • Unstressed vowels are short.
  • Stressed vowels in closed syllables (those with a coda) are:
    long before /r/
    short elsewhere
  • Stressed vowels in open syllables are:
    short before voiceless consonants
    long elsewhere

[edit] Lexis

Examples of Common Vocabulary

English Surselvisch Sutselvisch Surmeirisch Puter Vallader Rumantsch Grischun Latin
gold aur or or or or,aur,ar aur aurum
hard dir dir deir dür dür dir dūrus
eye egl îl îgl ögl ögl egl oculus
light, easy lev leav lev liger leiv lev levis
three treis tres treis trais trais trais trēs
snow neiv nev neiv naiv naiv naiv nive-
wheel roda roda roda rouda rouda roda rota
cheese caschiel caschiel caschiel chaschöl chaschöl chaschiel caseolus
house casa tgeasa tgesa chesa chasa chasa casa
dog tgaun tgàn tgang chaun chan chaun canis
leg comba tgomba tgomma chamma chomma chomma camba
chicken gaglina gagliegna gagligna gillina giallina giaglina gallus
cat gat giat giat giat giat giat cattus
all tut tut tot tuot tuot tut tōtus
shape fuorma furma furma fuorma fuorma furma fōrma
I jeu jou ja eau eu jau ego

[edit] Writing System

[edit] Romansh alphabet

L'alfabet rumantsch

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, X, Z
a, be, tse, de, e, ef, ghe, ha, i, jot/i lung, el, em, en, o, pe, ku, er, es, te, u, ve, iks, tset

The letters k (ka), w (ve dubel), and y (ipsilon or i grec) are only used in foreign loanwords. For example: kilogram, ski, kino, kiosc, kilo, kilowat, washington, western, stewardess, whisky, hockey, happy end.

Because most Romansh speaking persons had to learn German, they wrote down their idioms rather in a German way than in an Italian way. So the "sh" is written in the German way "sch" (see "rumantsch"), not "sc" as in Italian and you will find ä, ö and ü in romansh words. However, this didn't work for all words and own forms had to be found as in "tgesa".

[edit] Pronunciation

[edit] Consonants

[edit] Vowels

[edit] Some common expressions

  • Allegra. - Hello or welcome
  • Co vai? - How are you?
  • Fa plaschair. - Pleased to meet you.
  • Bun di. - Good morning.
  • Buna saira. - Good evening.
  • Buna notg. - Good night.
  • A revair. - Goodbye.
  • A pli tard. - See you later.
  • Perstgisai. - I beg your pardon.
  • I ma displascha. - I'm sorry.
  • Perdunai. - Excuse me.
  • Per plaschair. - Please.
  • Grazia fitg. - Thank you very much.
  • Anzi. - You're welcome.
  • Gratulazions. - Congratulations.
  • Bun cletg. - Good luck.
  • Ils quants è oz? - What's the date today?
  • Quants onns has ti? - How old are you?
  • Viva! - Cheers!

[edit] See also

  • German Wikipedia entry on Heinrich Schmid, the linguist whose work on standardization of the language resulted in Rumantsch Grischun.

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Swiss federal census 2000
  2. ^ http://www.liarumantscha.ch/Linguistic_geography.352.0.html?&L=2
  3. ^ See art. 4 and 70 of the 1999 Swiss Federal Constitution. On the legal status of Romansh generally, see Isobel Leybold-Johnson. "Official Romansh still has some way to go", Swissinfo, September 21, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-21. 

[edit] External links

Romansh edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
v • d • e
Romance languages
Southern Romance languages: Corsican (Gallurese)  · Sassarese  · Sardinian (Campidanese, Logudorese)
Eastern Romance languages: Romanian (Moldovan, Vlach) · Aromanian · Megleno-Romanian · Istro-Romanian
Italo-Dalmatian Romance languages: Italian (Central Italian, Florentine, Tuscan, Romanesco, Judeo-Italian) · Calabrian · Dalmatian† · Istriot · Neapolitan · Sicilian
Western Romance languages main: Catalan (Balearic, Valencian) · French (incl. Zarphatic†) · Portuguese-Galician (Fala, Galician, Portuguese) · Spanish (Castilian) (incl. Ladino)
other Western Aragonese (Mozarabic†) · Franco-Provençal (Bressan, Dauphinois, Forézien, Franc-Comtois, Genevois, Jurassien, Lyonnais, Savoyard, Vaudois) · Astur-Leonese (Asturian, Cantabrian, Extremaduran, Leonese, Mirandese) · Burgundian (Franc-Comtois) · Emiliano-Romagnolo · Francien · Gallo · Ligurian (Genoese, Monégasque) · Lombard (Eastern, Western) · Lorrain · Norman · Occitan (Auvergnat, Aupenc, Gascon (Aranese, Béarnais), Languedocien, Limousin, Provençal (Mentonasque, Niçard)) · Picard (Champenois, Chti/Chtimi, Rouchi) · Piedmontese · Poitevin-Saintongeais · Rhaeto-Romance (Friulian, Ladin, Romansh) · Venetian  · Walloon
denotes Extinct (†); bolded denotes languages with more than 5 million speakers
af:Romansch

als:Rätoromanische Sprache am:ሮማንሽ ar:الرومانشية frp:Roumancho ast:Retorrománicu be-x-old:Рэтараманская мова br:Romañcheg bg:Романш ca:Romanx cs:Rétorománština cy:Romaunsch de:Rätoromanisch el:Ρομανσική γλώσσα eml:Rumànc' es:Retorrománico eo:Romanĉa lingvo eu:Erromantxera fr:Romanche fur:Lenghe romanze gl:Lingua retorrománica ko:로망슈어 id:Bahasa Romansh it:Lingua romancia he:רומאנש kw:Roumantsh sw:Kirumanj la:Romancica lingua lv:Retoromāņu valoda lb:Rätoromanesch lt:Retoromanų kalba li:Reto-Roemaans lmo:Rumantsch hu:Romans nyelv nl:Reto-Romaans ja:ロマンシュ語 no:Retoromansk nn:Retoromansk oc:Romanch pl:Język romansz pt:Língua romanche ro:Limba retoromană rm:Rumantsch ru:Романшский язык simple:Romansh sr:Романш fi:Retoromaani sv:Rätoromanska tr:Romanş uk:Ретороманська мова wa:Roumantche zh:罗曼什语

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