Rideau Canal
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| Rideau Canal* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| Image:Rideau Canal.jpg | |
| State Party | Image:Flag of Canada.svg Canada |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, iv |
| Reference | 1221 |
| Region† | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2007 (31st Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO. | |
The Rideau Canal, also known as the Rideau Waterway, connects the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada on the Ottawa River to the city of Kingston, Ontario on Lake Ontario. The canal was opened in 1832 and is still in use today, "with most of its original structures intact".[1] The canal system uses sections of major rivers, including the Rideau and the Cataraqui, as well as some lakes. It is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America, and in 2007, it was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site[2].
Contents |
[edit] History
[edit] Construction
At the time it was proposed, shortly after the War of 1812, there remained a persistent threat of attack from the United States on Britain's colony of Upper Canada. To impede and deter any future US invasions, the British built various forts (eg. Citadel Hill, La Citadelle, and Fort Henry) and canals (eg.Grenville Canal, Chute-à-Blondeau Canal, Carillon Canal, and the Rideau Canal) to defend their territory. The canal's initial purpose was military - to provide a secure supply and communications route between Montreal and Kingston, Ontario. Westward from Montreal, travel would proceed along the Ottawa River to Bytown (now Ottawa), then southwest via the canal to Kingston and out into Lake Ontario (and vice versa for eastward travel from Kingston to Montreal). The intent being to bypass the stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering New York State which would have left British supply ships vulnerable to attack or a blockade of the St. Lawrence.
No further military engagements have taken place between Canada and the United States since the war of 1812, and consequently the Rideau Canal was never used for its intended purpose.
The construction of the canal was supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel John By of the Royal Engineers. Private contractors such as future sugar refining entrepreneur John Redpath, Thomas McKay, Robert Drummond, Thomas Phillips, Andrew White[1] and others were responsible for much of the construction, and the majority of the actual work was done by thousands of Irish and French-Canadian labourers.
While the exact number of deaths will likely never be known, as many as a thousand of these workers may have died from malaria, other diseases and accidents such as explosions during blasting. To make matters worse, unemployment and a major cholera epidemic spread from Quebec City to Upper Canada after its completion causing further deaths. Despite this, most workers survived and many settled on area farms or entered the timber trade . Some of those who died remain unidentified as they had no known relatives in Upper Canada and were buried in unmarked graves.
Memorials to the fallen labourers (mainly for the Irish workers) have been erected along the canal route, most recently the Celtic Cross memorials in Kingston and Lowertown Ottawa (near the Locks.)[2]
The canal was completed in 1832. The final cost of its construction was £822,000. This was more than had been expected and By was recalled to London and questioned by a parliamentary committee before being cleared of any wrongdoing.
[edit] Transformation
In the 1970s, the city government of Ottawa considered paving over the canal in order to make an expressway[3]; however, the federal government's ownership prevented any city action.
When Doug Fullerton was appointed chair of the National Capital Commission, he proposed a recreational corridor around the canal, including a winter skateway between Carleton University and Confederation Park. Although this plan was opposed by city council, it was implemented, and on the first weekend 50,000 people skated on the canal.[3]. City councilor and author Clive Doucet credits this transformation of the canal with reinvigorating the then-dilapidated communities of the Glebe, Old Ottawa East and Old Ottawa South.[3]
[edit] The waterway
The 202 kilometres (125 miles) of the Rideau Canal incorporate sections of the Rideau River and the Cataraqui River, as well as several lakes including the Lower, Upper and Big Rideau lakes. About 19 kilometres (12 miles) of the route is man-made.
Today, only pleasure craft make use of the Rideau Canal. Boat tours of the canal are offered in the city of Ottawa and recreational boaters can make use of it to travel between Ottawa and Kingston with ease. Most of the locks are still hand-operated. There are a total of 47 locks at 24 stations along the Canal.
In normal operations the canal can handle boats up to 27.4m (90ft) in length, 7.9m (26ft) in width, and 6.7m (22ft) in height. In special circumstances a boat up to 33.5m (110ft) in length by 9.1m (30ft) in width can be handled.
Communities along the waterway include:
- Ottawa, Ontario
- Smiths Falls, Ontario
- Merrickville, Ontario
- Westport, Ontario
- Battersea, Ontario
- Kingston, Ontario
[edit] The Skateway
In winter, a section of the Rideau Canal passing through central Ottawa becomes officially the world's largest skating rink.[4] The cleared length is 7.8 kilometres (4.8 miles) and has the equivalent surface area of 90 Olympic hockey rinks. It runs from the Hartwell locks at Carleton University to the locks between the Parliament Buildings and the Château Laurier. It serves as a popular tourist attraction and recreational area and is also the focus of the Winterlude festival in Ottawa. Beaver Tails, a fried dough pastry, are sold along with other snacks and beverages, in kiosks on the skateway.
It has been reported that the National Hockey League's Ottawa Senators are exploring the possibility of playing a regular season game outdoors on the Rideau Canal, using temporary bleachers for the spectators.[5]
[edit] See also
- Trent-Severn Waterway Central Ontario Canal System
- Welland Canal Southern Ontario Canal System
- Saint Lawrence Seaway Ontario - Quebec waterway system
- Canal lock
[edit] References
- ^ rideau-info.com
- ^ rideau-info.com
- ^ a b c Doucet, Clive (2007). Urban Meltdown: Cities, Climate Change and Politics as Usual. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 15-17. ISBN 978-0-86571-584-4. OCLC 86226079.
- ^ ctv.ca
- ^ Hockey Blog. Globe and Mail. December 31, 2007. Retrieved 2008-1-1.
[edit] External links
- Locks - Your guide to good times on the Rideau River and Canal
- Rideau Canal Waterway
- Rideau Canal's 175th Anniversary (2007)
- Friends of the Rideau
- Royal Engineers Museum - Biography of Colonel By
- Rideau Heritage Route - Tourism
- Rideau Canal Skateway
- Skating Conditions (available once canal opens)]
- Boating the Rideau Canal
- OttawaStart Rideau Canal Guide
- Rideau Canal travel guide from Wikitravel
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