Respiratory failure

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Respiratory failure
Classification & external resources

ICD-10	J96.
ICD-9	518.81
DiseasesDB	6623
eMedicine	med/2011
MeSH	D012131

Respiratory failure is a medical term for inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system. Respiratory failure can be indicated by observing a drop in blood oxygen level (hypoxemia) and/or a rise in arterial carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) which can be written as (PaO2 < 60 mmHg, PaCO2 > 45 mmHg). Classification into type I or type II relates to the absence or presence of hypercapnia respectively. (Values in kPA being PO2 below 8kPA and PCO2 above 6.7kPa

Contents 1 Types 1.1 Type 1 1.2 Type 2 2 Causes 3 Treatment 4 External links

[edit] Types

[edit] Type 1

Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as hypoxia without hypercapnia, indeed the CO₂ level may be normal or low. It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion mismatch; the air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs.

This type is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation like:

• Parenchymal disease(v-q mismatch)
• Diseases of vasculature and shunts.

[edit] Type 2

Type 2 respiratory failure is defined build up of carbon dioxide that has been generated by the body. The underlying causes include:

• Reduced breathing effort (in the fatigued patient)
• Increased resistance to breathing (such as in asthma)
• An decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange (such as in emphysema).

[edit] Causes

• Pulmonary dysfunction
  • Asthma
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic obstructive airway disease
  • Pneumonia
  • Pneumothorax
  • Hemothorax
  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a specific and life-threatening type of respiratory failure.
  • Cystic Fibrosis
• Cardiac dysfunction
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Arrhythmia
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Valve pathology
• Other
  • Fatigue due to prolonged tachypnoea in metabolic acidosis
  • Intoxication with drugs (i.e. morphine, benzodiazepines) suppresses respiration.

[edit] Treatment

Emergency treatment follows the principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Treatment of the underlying cause is required. Mechanical ventilation may be required.

[edit] External links

eMedicine Respiratory Failure

v • d • e Pathology of respiratory system (J, 460–519)
Acute upper respiratory infections	Upper respiratory tract infection · Common cold · Rhinitis · Sinusitis · Pharyngitis (Strep throat) · Tonsillitis · Laryngitis · Tracheitis · Croup · Epiglottitis
Influenza and Pneumonia	Influenza · Pneumonia (Viral, Bacterial, Bronchopneumonia) · Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Other acute lower respiratory infections	Bronchitis (Acute, Chronic) · Bronchiolitis
Other diseases of upper respiratory tract	Vasomotor rhinitis · Hay fever · Atrophic rhinitis · Nasal polyp · Deviated septum · Adenoid hypertrophy · Peritonsillar abscess · Vocal fold nodule · Laryngospasm
Chronic lower respiratory diseases	Emphysema · COPD · Asthma · Status asthmaticus · Bronchiectasis
Lung diseases due to external agents	Pneumoconiosis (Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, Asbestosis, Silicosis, Bauxite fibrosis, Berylliosis, Siderosis) · Byssinosis · Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Farmer's lung, Bird fancier's lung)
Other, principally affecting the interstitium	Acute respiratory distress syndrome · Pulmonary edema · Hamman-Rich syndrome · Interstitial lung disease
Suppurative and necrotic conditions of lower respiratory tract	Lung abscess · Pleural effusion · Empyema
Other	Pneumothorax · Hemothorax · Hemopneumothorax · Mendelson's syndrome · Respiratory failure · Atelectasis · Mediastinal emphysema · Mediastinitis
see also congenital (Q30–Q34, 748)

de:Ateminsuffizienz

ja:呼吸不全 no:Respirasjonssvikt pl:Niewydolność oddechowa [1]fr:Insuffisance respiratoire