List of Scottish monarchs

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Image:Kingdom of scotland royal arms.svg
The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland, as used before 1603

The monarch of Scotland was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. According to tradition, the first King of Scots was Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín), who founded the state in 843, although this is no longer taken seriously by historians. The distinction between the Kingdom of Alba/Scotland and the Kingdom of the Picts is rather the product of later medieval myth and confusion from a change in nomenclature, i.e. Rex Pictorum (King of the Picts) becomes ri Alban (King of Alba) under Donald II when annals switched from Latin to vernacular around the end of the 9th century, by which time the word Alba in Gaelic had come to refer to the Kingdom of the Picts rather than Britain (its older meaning).

The Kingdom of the Picts just became known as Kingdom of Alba in Gaelic, which later became known in English as Scotland; the terms are retained in both languages to this day. By the late 11th century at the very latest, Scottish kings were using the term rex Scotorum, or King of Scots, to refer to themselves in Latin. The title of King of Scots fell out of use in 1707 when the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Thus Queen Anne became the last monarch of Scotland (and concurrently, the last monarch of England) and the first monarch of Great Britain. The two kingdoms had shared a monarch since 1603 (see Union of the Crowns), and Charles II was the last Scottish monarch to actually be crowned in Scotland, at Scone in 1651.

Contents

[edit] Style

Main article: Style of the monarchs of Scotland

Although Kenneth MacAlpin is traditionally considered the first King of Scots, his title was Rex Pictorum, "King of the Picts". The first monarch to use the style Rí Alban, "King of Alba" (Scotland) was Donald II. Malcolm II used the Latin rex Scotiae ("King of Scotland"), and Malcolm III styled himself Scottorum basileus, "Emperor of the Scots"; from the time of his successor, Donald III, rex Scottorum was consistently used. By the twelfth century, Scotland's monarchs were using both the style rex Scottorum, king of the Scots and rex Scotiae, king of Scotland, in Latin documents. This continued until the 17th century; the last three monarchs before the Act of Union only used the style King or Queen of Scotland. In the high Middle Ages, the vernacular style seems to have continued to be rí Alban or Ard rí Alban, King of Scotland or High King of Scotland.

[edit] Houses

Although genealogists divide the monarchs of Scotland into "Houses", based on continental European ideas of dynasties, it appears that the kings and queens of Scotland, insofar as they thought about their ultimate origins, traced their descent from Fergus Mór, the legendary founder of Dál Riata said to have flourished in the late 5th century, and from his grandson Gabrán mac Domangairt and brother Loarn mac Eirc. James VI is recorded as saying that he was a "Monarch sprunge of Ferguse race". After the Restoration of 1660, when Jacob de Wet was commissioned to produce portraits of Scotland's past and present rulers for Holyrood Palace, the series began with Fergus Mór.

[edit] List of monarchs of Scotland

[edit] House of Alpin (848-1034)

See also: List of Kings of the Picts

The reign of Kenneth MacAlpin is traditionally considered to have begun the Kingdom of Scotland. Through war and deception, he succeeded in uniting [1][dubious – discuss][unreliable source?] the Picts, the Celts, the Angles, and the Irish immigrants known as the Scots, of whom he was himself a member; [2][dubious – discuss][unreliable source?] although his realm included only a part of modern Scotland, it would prove long-lasting, and grow to include all of the modern country. On his death, the kingship of this realm, known as Alba,[3][unreliable source?][dubious – discuss] passed to his brother, Donald I, and then to Kenneth's descendants, the House of Alpin. The House divided into two branches; the crown would alternate between the two, the death of a king from one branch often hastened by war or assassination by a pretender from the other. [4][dubious – discuss][unreliable source?] Malcolm II was the last king of the House of Alpin; in his reign, he successfully crushed all opposition to him and, having no sons, was able to pass the crown to his daughter's son, Duncan I, who inaugurated the House of Dunkeld.


Portrait Traditional modern English regnal name Medieval Gaelic name Dynastic Status Reign Title Nickname
Image:CináedmacAilpín.JPG Kenneth I Cináed mac Ailpín
Ciniod m. Ailpin 		Uncertain 843/848-13 February 858 Rex Pictorum
("King of the Picts") 		An Ferbasach,
"The Conqueror"[5]
- Donald I Domnall mac Ailpín Uncertain, but brother of Kenneth I 858–13 April 862 Rex Pictorum
("King of the Picts")
Image:Causantín mac Cináeda.jpg Constantine I Causantín mac Cináeda Son of Kenneth I 862–877 Rex Pictorum
("King of the Picts") 		An Finn-Shoichleach,
"The Wine-Bountiful"[6]
- Áed Áed mac Cináeda Son of Kenneth I 877–878 Rex Pictorum
("King of the Picts")
- Giric Giric mac Dúngail † Non-dynastic 878–889 Mac Rath,
"Son of Fortune"[7]
- Eochaid Eochaid mac Run † Non-dynastic *878–889? - -
Image:Domnall Dásachtach.jpg Donald II Domnall mac Causantín Son of Constantine I 889–900 Rí Alban
("King of Scotland") 		Dásachtach,
the "Madman" or "Psycho"[8]
Image:Constantine II of Scotland.jpg Constantine II Causantín mac Áeda Son of Áed 900–943 Rí Alban An Midhaise,
"the Middle Aged".[9]
Image:Malcolm I.jpg Malcolm I Máel Coluim mac Domnaill Son of Donald II 943–954 Rí Alban An Bodhbhdercc,
"the Dangerous Red"[10]
Image:An Ionsaighthigh.jpg Indulf Ildulb mac Causantín [11] Son of Constantine II 954–962 Rí Alban An Ionsaighthigh,
"the Aggressor"[12]
- Dub
(Dubh or Duff) 		Dub mac Maíl Choluim Son of Malcolm I 962–967 Rí Alban Dén,
"the Vehement"[13]
- Cuilén Cuilén mac Ilduilb Son of Indulf 967–971 Rí Alban An Fionn,
"the White"[14]
- Amlaíb Amlaíb mac Ilduilb Son of Indulf * 973x –977 Rí Alban
Image:Kenneth II of Scotland.jpg Kenneth II Cináed mac Maíl Choluim Son of Malcolm I 971 x 977–995 Rí Alban An Fionnghalach,
"The Fratricide"[15]
Image:Constantine III (Alba).jpg Constantine III Causantín mac Cuiléin Son of Cuilén 995–997 Rí Alban
Image:Kenneth III of Scotland.jpg Kenneth III Cináed mac Duib Son of Dub 997–25 March 1005 Rí Alban An Donn,
"the Chief"/ "the Brown".[16]
Image:Malcolm II of Scotland.jpg Malcolm II Máel Coluim mac Cináeda Son of Kenneth II 1005–1034 Rí Alban / Rex Scotiae Forranach,
"the Destroyer";[17]

* Evidence for Eochaid's reign is unclear: he may never have actually been King. If he was, he was co-King with Giric. Amlaíb is known only by a reference to his death in 977, which reports him as King of Alba; since Kenneth II is known to have still been King in 972-973, Amlaíb must have taken power between 973 and 977.

† Giric and Eochaid have uncertain dynastic status, but do not appear to be direct members of the House of Alpin: Eochiad was a son of Run, King of Strathclyde, but his mother may have been a daughter of Kenneth I; Giric's family is unknown, although he may also have been related to the House of Alpin.

[edit] House of Dunkeld, 1034-1286

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Duncan I had been bequeathed the throne by his grandfather,[dubious – discuss] Malcolm II, a move away from the Scottish hereditary customs and towards a system of primogeniture.[dubious – discuss] This move was threatened when Duncan was killed in battle by his cousin, Macbeth; but Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth, and the latter's step-son and heir Lulach, in battle between 1057 and 1058, and reclaimed the throne. The dynastic feuds did not end there: on Malcolm's death in battle, his brother Donalbane claimed the throne, expelling Malcolm's sons from Scotland; a civil war in the family ensued, with Donalbane and Malcolm's son Edmund opposed by Malcolm's other sons, led first by Duncan II and then Edgar. Edgar triumphed, sending his uncle and brother to monasteries; thereafter, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of primogeniture,[dubious – discuss] moving from father to son, brother to brother, and in one case grandfather to grandson.


Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth King From Coronation King Until Death
Image:Donnchad I.jpg Duncan I
the Sick
(Donnchad mac Crínáin
An t-Ilgarach) 		Grandson of Malcolm II 25 November 1034 14 August 1040
Image:Mac Bethad mac Findlaích.jpg Macbeth
the Red King
(Mac Bethad mac Findláich
Rí Deircc) 		*Non-dynastic 14 August 1040 15 August 1057
Lulach
the Unfortunate
(Lulach mac Gille Comgaín
Tairbith ) 		*Non-dynastic 1030 15 August 1057 1057 17 March 1058
Image:MalcolmIII.jpg Malcolm III Canmore
Long-Neck
(Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) 		Son of Duncan I 1031 17 March 1058 1057?/25 April 1058? 13 November 1093
Image:Donaldb.jpg Donald III (Donalbane)
the Fair
(Domnall Bán mac Donnchada) 		Son of Duncan I 1033 13 November 1093 1094
deposed 		1099
Image:Donnchad II.jpg Duncan II
(Donnchad mac Maíl Choluim) 		Son of Malcolm III before c.1060 1094 12 November 1094
Image:Donaldb.jpg Donald III (Donalbane)
the Fair, restored
(Domnall Bán mac Donnchada) 		Son of Duncan I 1033 12 November 1094 1097
deposed 		1099
Image:King Edgar of Scotland.jpg Edgar
Probus ("the Valiant")
(Étgar mac Maíl Choluim) 		Son of Malcolm III 1074 1097 8 January 1107
Image:Alexander I (Alba) i.JPG Alexander I
the Fierce
(Alaxandair mac Maíl Choluim) 		Son of Malcolm III 1077 8 January 1107 23 April 1124
Image:DavidIofScotland.jpg David I
Sanctus ("the Holy")
(Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim) 		Son of Malcolm III 1085 23 April 1124 April/May 1124 24 May 1153
Image:Malcolm iv.jpg Malcolm IV
the Maiden
(Máel Coluim mac Eanric) 		Grandson of David I 23 April-24 May 1141 24 May 1153 27 May 1153 9 December 1165
Image:William the Lion portrait.jpg William I
the Lion
(Uilliam mac Eanric) 		Grandson of David I 1143 9 December 1165 24 December 1165 4 December 1214
Image:Alexander II (Alba) i.JPG Alexander II
(Alaxandair mac Uilliam) 		Son of William I 24 August 1198 4 December 1214 6 December 1214 6 July 1249
Image:Alasdair III.jpg Alexander III
(Alaxandair mac Alaxandair) 		Son of Alexander II 4 September 1241 6 July 1249 13 July 1249 19 March 1286
Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth King From Coronation King Until Death

* Neither Macbeth or Lulach were members of the House of Dunkeld, although both had claims to the throne: Macbeth was possibly a grandson of Malcolm II through another of his daughters, and was definitely married to Gruoch of Scotland, a granddaughter of either Kenneth II or Kenneth III. Lulach was the son of Gruoch by her first husband, Gille Coemgáin of Moray.

[edit] House of Fairhair (disputed), 1286-1290

The last King of the House of Dunkeld was Alexander III. His wife had borne him two sons and a daughter; but by 1286, his sons were dead, and his daughter, Margaret, had borne only a single daughter to her husband Eric II of Norway before herself dying. Alexander had himself remarried, but in early 1286, he died in mysterious circumstances. His wife, Yolande of Dreux, was pregnant; but by November 1286, all hope of her bearing a living child had passed. Accordingly, in the Treaty of Salisbury, the Guardians of Scotland recognised Alexander's granddaughter, Margaret of Norway, as Queen of Scots. Margaret remained in her father's Kingdom of Norway until Autumn 1290, when she was dispatched to Scotland. However, she died on the journey in the Orkneys, having never set foot on Scottish soil, and without being crowned at Scone. She is thus sometimes not considered Queen.


Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death
Margaret
the Maid of Norway 		granddaughter of Alexander III early 1283 25 November 1286
disputed 		Never crowned September/October 1290
Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death

[edit] House of Balliol (1292-1296)

The death of Margaret of Norway began a two-year interregnum in Scotland, caused by a succession crisis. With her death, the descent of William I went extinct; nor was there an obvious heir by primogeniture. Thirteen candidates presented themselves; the most prominent were John de Balliol, great-grandson of William I's younger brother David of Huntingdon, and Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale, David of Huntingdon's grandson. The Scottish Magnates invited Edward I of England to arbitrate the claims; he did so, but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as overlord. Eventually, it was decided that John de Balliol should become King; he proved weak and incapable, and in 1296 was forced to resign by Edward I, who then attempted to annex Scotland into the Kingdom of England.

Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death
Image:John Balliol.jpg John de Balliol
Toom Tabard ("Empty Cloak")
(Iain Balliol) 		great-grandson of David of Huntingdon (brother of William I) c.1249 17 November 1292 30 November 1292 10 July 1296
deposed by Edward I of England 		November 1314
Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death

[edit] House of Bruce (1306-1371)

For ten years, Scotland had no King of its own. The Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule; first William Wallace and then, after his execution, Robert the Bruce (the grandson of the 1292 competitor) fought against the English, and in 1306, Robert was crowned King of Scots at Scone. His energy, and the corresponding replacement of the vigorous Edward I with his weaker son Edward II, allowed Scotland to free itself from English rule;[opinion needs balancing] the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 routed the English, and by 1329 the English had agreed by Treaty to accept Scottish independence. Robert's successor, his son David, was a child at his succession; the English renewed their war with Scotland, and David was forced to flee the Kingdom by Edward Balliol, son of King John, who managed to get himself crowned King of Scots and to give away Scotland's southern counties to England before being driven out again. David spent much of his life in exile, first in freedom in his ally, France, and then in gaol in his enemy, England; he was only able to return to Scotland in 1357. Upon his death, childless, in 1371, the House of Bruce came to an end.

Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death
Image:Robertthebruce.jpg Robert I
the Good
(Roibert a Briuis) 		great-great-grandson of David of Huntingdon (brother of William I) 11 July 1274 25 March 1306 7 June 1329
Image:David II of Scotland.jpg David II
(Dàibhidh Bruis) 		son of Robert I 5 March 1324 7 June 1329 November 1331 22 February 1371
Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death

[edit] House of Stewart/Stuart

[edit] Stewart (1371-1567)

Robert the Steward was a grandson of Robert I by the latter's daughter, Marjorie. Having been born in 1316, he was older than his uncle, David II; consequently, he was at his accession an old man, unable to reign vigorously, a problem also faced by his son Robert III, who had suffered lasting damage in a horse-riding accident. These two were followed by a series of regencies, caused by the youth of the succeeding kings. Consequently, the Stewart era saw periods of royal inertia, during which the nobles usurped power from the crown, followed by periods of personal rule by the monarch, during which he or she would attempt to address the issues created by their own minority and the long-term effects of previous reigns. Governing Scotland became increasingly difficult, as the powerful nobility became increasingly intractable; James I's attempts to curb the disorder of the realm ended in his assassination; James III was killed in a civil war between himself and the nobility, led by his own son; when James IV, who had governed sternly and suppressed the aristocrats, died in the Battle of Flodden, his wife Margaret Tudor, who had been nominated regent for their young son James V, was unseated by noble feuding, and James V's own wife, Marie de Guise, succeeded in ruling Scotland during the regency for her young daughter Mary I only by dividing and conquering the noble factions, and by distributing French bribes with a liberal hand. Finally, Mary I herself, the last direct descendant of Robert II, found herself unable to govern Scotland faced with the surliness of the aristocracy and the intransigence of the population, who favoured Calvinism and disapproved of her Catholicism; she was forced to abdicate, and fled to England, where she was executed for treason against the English queen Elizabeth I. Upon her abdication, her son, fathered by a junior member of the Stewart family, became King.

Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death
Image:Robert II Stewart.jpg Robert II
the Steward,
(Roibert II Sdíbhard) 		grandson of Robert I 2 March 1316 22 February 1371 March 1371 19 April 1390
Image:Robert III Stewart.jpg Robert III (born John Stewart)
the Lame King
(Roibert III Sdíbhard, An Righ Bhacaigh) 		son of Robert II c.1340 19 April 1390 August 1390 4 April 1406
Image:James I of Scotland.jpg James I,
(Seumas I Stiùbhairt) 		son of Robert III 10 December 1394 4 April 1406 2/21 May 1424 21 February 1437
Image:James II Portrait.jpg James II
Fiery Face,
(Seumas II Stiùbhairt) 		son of James I 16 October 1430 21 February 1437 1437 3 August 1460
Image:James III Stewart.jpg James III,
(Seumas III Stiùbhairt) 		son of James II 1451/52 3 August 1460 10 August 1460 11 June 1488
Image:James IV of Scotland.jpg James IV,
(Seumas IV Stiùbhairt) 		son of James III 17 March 1473 11 June 1488 24 June 1488 9 September 1513
Image:James5.jpg James V,
(Seumas V Stiùbhairt) 		son of James IV 10 April 1512 9 September 1513 21 September 1513 14 December 1542
Image:Mary-queen-of-scots full.jpg Mary I, Queen of Scots, Queen consort of France
(Mairi Stiùbhairt) 		daughter of James V 8 December 1542 14 December 1542 9 September 1543 24 July 1567 8 February 1587
Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death

[edit] Stuart (1567-1649)

The Stewarts of Lennox were a junior branch of the Stewart family; they were not, however, direct descendants of Robert II. In the past, through the means of the Auld Alliance with France, they had adapted their surname to the French form, Stuart. Consequently, when the son of the Earl of Lennox, Henry, Lord Darnley, married the Queen of Scots, Mary I, their son, as the first King of the Lennox branch of the Stewart family, ruled as a Stuart.

James VI also became King of England and Ireland as James I in 1603, when his cousin Elizabeth I died; thereafter, although the two crowns of England and Scotland remained separate, the monarchy was based chiefly in England.

Charles I, James' son, found himself faced with Civil War; the resultant conflict lasted eight years, and ended in his execution. The English Parliament then decreed their monarchy to be at an end; the Scots Parliament, after some deliberation, broke their links with England, and declared that Charles, son and heir of Charles I, would become King. He ruled until 1651; however, the armies of Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and drove him into exile.

Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death
Image:James I, VI by John de Critz, c.1606..png James VI
(also James I of England and Ireland)
(Seumas VI Stiùbhairt) 		son of Mary I by Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 19 June 1566 24 July 1567 29 July 1567 27 March 1625
Image:Carolus I.jpg Charles I
(also Charles I of England and Ireland)
(Teàrlach I Stiùbhairt) 		son of James VI 19 November 1600 27 March 1625 30 January 1649
executed
Image:Charles II of England.jpeg Charles II
(also Charles II of England and Ireland)
(Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt) 		son of Charles I 29 May 1630 5 February 1649 1 January 1651 3 September 1651
defeated at Battle of Worcester, driven into exile 		6 February 1685
Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death

[edit] The Commonwealth of England

In 1652, following the flight of Charles II, the English Parliament passed the Tender of Union: by its terms, the Kingdom of Scotland was abolished, and annexed into the Commonwealth of England. Scotland would not regain independence until 1660, when at the restoration of Charles II, the old system of the Union of Crowns was restored. Until that time, Scotland was ruled directly from England; the rulers were Oliver Cromwell and his son, Richard, who ruled over the Commonwealth as Lord Protectors, quasi-monarchs.

Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death
Image:Cooper, Oliver Cromwell.jpg Oliver Cromwell,
Lord Protector of the Commonwealth 		N/A 19 April 1599 16 December 1653 N/A 3 September 1658
Image:RichardCromwell.jpeg Richard Cromwell
(Tumbledown Dick),
Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England 		son of Oliver Cromwell 4 October 1626 3 Setember 1658 N/A 25 May 1659
formally resigned 		12 July 1712
Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death

[edit] House of Stuart (restored) (1660-1707)

With the Restoration, the Stuarts became Kings of Scotland once more. But Scotland's rights were not respected: the Scottish Parliament was, during the reign of Charles II, dissolved, and his brother James was appointed Governor of Scotland. James himself became James VII in 1685; his Catholicism was not tolerated, and he was driven out of England after three years. In his place came his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, the ruler of the Dutch Republic; they were accepted as monarchs of Scotland after a period of deliberation by the Scottish Parliament, and ruled together as William II and Mary II.

Scotland remained subject to England; an attempt to establish a Scottish colonial empire at Darian, in challenge to that of England, failed, leaving the Scottish state bankrupt. This coincided with the accession of Queen Anne, daughter of James VII. Anne was childless, and on her death her nearest heir would be her halfbrother, James, in exile in France. The English favoured the Protestant Sophia of Hanover (a granddaughter of James VI) as heir; the Scots preferred Prince James, who as a Stuart was a Scot by ancestry, and threatened to break the Union of Crowns between England and Scotland by choosing him for themselves. To preserve the union, the English elaborated a plan whereby the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England would merge into a single Kingdom, the Kingdom of Great Britain, ruled by a common monarch, and with a single Parliament. Both national parliaments agreed to this (the Scots albeit reluctantly, motivated primarily by the national finances), and the Kingdom of Scotland was merged with England and came to an end. Thereafter, although monarchs continued to rule over the nation of Scotland, they did so first as monarchs of Great Britain, and then of the United Kingdom.

Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death
Image:Charles II of England.jpeg Charles II
(restored)
(Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt) 		son of Charles I 29 May 1630 29 May 1660
restored to power 		1 January 1651 6 February 1685
Image:James II of England.jpg James VII
(also James II of England and Ireland)
(Seumas VII Stiùbhairt) 		son of Charles I 14 October 1633 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 16 September 1701
Image:Mary II.jpg Mary II
(also Mary II of England and Ireland)
(Mairi II Stiùbhairt) 		daughter of James VII 30 April 1662 11 April 1689
with William II 		28 December 1694
Image:Portrait of William III, (1650-1702).jpg William II,
(also William III of England and Ireland)
(Uilleam Orains, "William of Orange") 		grandson of Charles I, husband of Mary II 14 November 1650 11 April 1689
with Mary II until 1694 		8 March 1702
Image:Queen Anne.jpg Anne
(also Anne of England and Ireland)
(Anna Stiùbhairt) 		daughter of James VII 6 February 1665 8 March 1702 1 May 1707
Act of Union, creation of Great Britain 		1 August 1714
Portrait Name Dynastic Status Birth Ruled From Coronation Ruled Until Death


From 1707, the titles King of Scots and Queen of Scots are incorrect. Hence, this list runs up to 1707; for monarchs after that date, see List of British monarchs.

[edit] Jacobite Claimants

Despite having lost his thrones, James VII continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. When he died in 1701, his son, James, inherited his father's claims, and called himself James VIII of Scotland and III of England and Ireland. He would continue to do so all his life, despite the fact that the Kingdoms of England and Scotland were ended by their merging as the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1715, a year after the death of his sister, Queen Anne, and the accession of their cousin George of Hanover, James landed in Scotland and attempted to claim the throne; he failed, and was forced to flee back to the Continent. A second attempt by his son, Charles, in 1745, also failed. Both James' children died without issue, bringing the Stuart family to an end.

  • James VIII (Seumas VIII), also known as The Old Pretender, son of James VII, was claimant from 1701 until his death in 1766.
  • Charles III (Teàrlach III), also known as The Young Pretender and often called Bonnie Prince Charlie, son of James VIII, was claimant from his father's death until his own death in 1788.
  • Henry I (Eanraig I), brother of Charles III and youngest son of James VIII. Died in 1807 without offspring.
  • After 1807, the Jacobite claims passed first to the House of Savoy (1807–1840), then to the Modenese branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1840–1919), and finally to the House of Bavaria (since 1919). The current heir is Franz, Duke of Bavaria. Neither he nor any of his predecessors since 1807 have pursued their claim.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Maclagan, Michael, Lines of Succession, p.33
  2. ^ Maclagan, Michael, Lines of Succession, p.33
  3. ^ Maclagan, Michael, Lines of Succession, p.33
  4. ^ Maclagan, Michael, Lines of Succession, p.33
  5. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 83.
  6. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 85.
  7. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 87.
  8. ^ Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 58.
  9. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 91; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 65.
  10. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 93.
  11. ^ His name is a Gaelicization of the Norse name Hildufr (or perhaps English Eadulf); it occurs in various contemporary Gaelic forms, such as Iondolbh, found in the the Duan Albanach; Ildulb is used because by some historians because it correctly represents the name Hildulfr in Gaelic orthography; Eadwulf would perhaps be Idulb, hence that form is also used sometimes. The name never came into wider use in the Scottish world, or the Gaelic world more generally, and has no modern form. The name "Indulf" is a spelling produced by later medieval French influence; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p, 89.
  12. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 94.
  13. ^ Duan Albanach, 23 here; as Dub means "Black", "Dub the Black" is tautologous.
  14. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 95.
  15. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 96.
  16. ^ Former probable because later English (speaking) sources called him "Grim"; Old Irish donn has similar meaning to Old Irish greimm, which means "power" or "authority"; see Skene, Chronicles, p. 98; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 105.
  17. ^ Skene, Chronicles, pp. 99-100.

[edit] References

  • Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922)
  • Hudson, Benjamin T., Kings of Celtic Scotland, (Westport, 1994)
  • Skene, W. F. (ed.), Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots and other Early Memorials of Scottish History, (Edinburgh, 1867)

[edit] See also

da:Skotske regenter

de:Liste der Herrscher Schottlands fr:Liste des rois d'Écosse gd:Rìghrean na h-Alba it:Elenco di monarchi scozzesi nl:Lijst van koningen van Schotland pl:Władcy Szkocji pt:Lista de reis da Escócia simple:Scottish monarchs fi:Luettelo Skotlannin hallitsijoista sv:Lista över Skottlands regenter zh:蘇格蘭君主列表

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