Queen regnant

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Image:Cleopatra Bust.jpg
Cleopatra VII of Egypt is one of the most well-known queens regnant
Image:Elizabeth II greets NASA GSFC employees, May 8, 2007 edit.jpg
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, a queen regnant of a modern parliamentary monarchy
See also: List of current queens regnant

A queen regnant (plural "queens regnant") is a female monarch possessing and exercising all of the monarchal powers of a king, in contrast with a "queen consort", who is the wife of a reigning king, and in and of herself has no official powers of state.

Technically, a king may also be a "king regnant" or a "king consort" — but this distinction is unusual and, for example, has been used only twice in the history of the British and its predecessor monarchies. In all current monarchies that allow for a queen regnant to take the Throne, the husband of such a queen is not titled king, generally ranking as a prince. The husband of Mary I of England and Ireland and the second husband of Mary I, Queen of Scots were both created kings consort of their wives' realms, but they were not liked, and the marriages were short. The husband of Mary II, Queen of England and Ireland, and Queen of Scots, was named king regnant co-sovereign with her, as William III of England, II of Scots, and I of Ireland — but this was the only occasion of co-sovereignty, at least officially. Thereafter, the husbands of queens regnant in Britain have been informally styled princes consort (the formal title "Prince Consort," however, having only been granted to Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria).

Accession of queens regnant occurs as a nation's order of succession permits. Methods of succession (to kingships, tribal chiefships, etc.) include nomination (the sitting monarch or a council names an heir), primogeniture (children of a monarch or chief, in order of birth, eldest to youngest), and ultimogeniture (children in order of birth, youngest to eldest). The scope of succession may be patrilineal, matrilineal or both; or, rarely (usually only when necessary), open to general election. Right of succession by gender may be open to men and women, limited to men only, or limited to women only.

The most typical succession from the Late Middle Ages through to the 20th century was male-preference primogeniture; i.e., the order of succession cycled through the sons of the monarch in order of their birth, followed then by the daughters. Many realms historically forbade succession by women or through a female line, however, in obedience to the Salic law; and some still do.

For example, the King of the Netherlands used to be Grand Duke of Luxembourg. But when the last Dutch king died in 1890 and was succeeded by his daughter, obedience to the Salic law prevented Luxembourg from accepting her as Grand Duchess in her own right. Similarly, when Victoria ascended to the throne of the United Kingdom, she did not also become Queen of Hanover, despite her uncle having been king of both states.

In the waning days of the twentieth century, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands amended their acts of succession to primogeniture with no preference as to sex. In some cases, the change does not take effect until the generation following the current generations in existence - to avoid dispossessing people who were already in the succession in a particular position.

Contents

[edit] List of queens regnant

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Maria Theresa, de facto Empress of the Holy Roman Empire

[edit] Aceh

  • Seri Ratu Niharsyah the Sultana of Samudera Pasai.
  • Seri Ratu Ta'jul Alam Shah the Sultana of Atjeh (Aceh) Darussalam. Formerly known as Puteri Seri Alam the Daughter of The Great Sultan Iskandar Muda, and wife of Sultan Iskandar Thani. She ruled Atjeh for nearly 36 years.
  • Seri Ratu Keumalat Shah the god daughter of Ratu Ta'jul Alam.
  • Seri Ratu Inayat Shah the god daughter of Ratu Ta'jul Alam.

[edit] Arab Empire

[edit] Austria, Bohemia, Croatia, Hungary

  • Maria Theresa of Austria, Archduchess of Austria (1740-1780), Queen of Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia (1741-1780), Queen of Bohemia (1743-1780)

[edit] Central Asia and Persian Empire

Image:WuZetian.jpg
Wu Zetian

[edit] China

  • There has been only one Empress regnant (Wu Zetian) in Chinese history, but there have been many powerful empress consorts or empress dowagers. The powerful empress consorts or empress dowagers were de facto rulers but not de jure Empress regnants. (A concubine who gave birth to the crown prince could also become empress dowager, though her status was still a little lower than an empress dowager who had been the former empress consort.)

[edit] Denmark

[edit] Ancient Egypt

Image:Hatshepsut-CollosalGraniteSphinx02 MetropolitanMuseum.png
Hatshepsut
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Gowri Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore 1811-1815

[edit] Hawaii

  • Liliuokalani (ruled 1891-1893; still claimed status as queen until her death in 1917)

[edit] Hungary, Croatia and Dalmatia

[edit] India

Image:Empress Kogyoku-Saimei.jpg
Empress Kōgyoku

[edit] Japan

[edit] Judea

Image:Ranavalona2.JPG
Ranavalona I

[edit] Korea

[edit] Madagascar

[edit] Mongolia

[edit] The Netherlands

Image:Queen Wilhelmina.jpg
Queen Wilhelmina

[edit] Poland

[edit] Portugal

[edit] Russia

Image:Elizabeth empress.jpg
Elizabeth of Russia

[edit] Spain/Castile

  • Isabella of Castile
  • Joanna of Castile, reputedly mad after the death of her husband, she was effectively deposed by her father, King Ferdinand of Aragon, who ruled Castile as her regent until his death; then her son, Charles, who was named King of Aragon (which followed the Salic Law) ruled as regent for his mother until her death. On Charles' abdication, his son, Philip, became the first monarch of the now united Kingdom of Spain.
  • Isabella II of Spain

[edit] Sweden

[edit] UK / Commonwealth / England / Great Britain / Scotland

  • Boudica, queen of the Brythonic Celtic Iceni people of Norfolk in Eastern Britain who led a major uprising of the tribes against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire.
  • Matilda (or Maud) of England (never reigned 1141) – usurped. Styled herself "Lady of the English." (although Queen of the English was not unknown) She was named heir by her father Henry I of England upon securing the loyalty of nobles of the realm, but Count Stephen of Blois contradicted his promise after the king's death and made himself King of England instead of Maud/Matilda. Civil war ensued and was ended when the crown was secured to Maud/Matilda's son, Henry II of England, who became the first king of the House of Plantagenet.
Image:Elizabeth I of England - coronation portrait.jpg
Queen Elizabeth I of England

[edit] Viet Nam

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

ko:여왕 la:Regina lv:Karaliene cr:ᒋᐦᒋᐅᒋᒫᔅᐧᑫᐤ ja:統治女王 qu:Quya th:สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถ vi:Nữ hoàng zh:女皇帝

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