Putative marriage
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A putative marriage is an apparently valid marriage, entered into in good faith on part of at least one of the partners, but is invalid due to an impediment, such as a currently valid marriage on part of one of them. Unlike someone in a common-law, statutory, or ceremonial marriage, a putative spouse is not actually married. Instead, a putative spouse believes himself or herself to be married in good faith and is given legal rights as a result of this person's reliance upon this good faith belief.
Putative marriages exist in both Catholic canon law and in various civil laws, though the rules may vary. In some jurisdictions, putative marriages are a matter of case law rather than legislation. In many jurisdictions, under civil law, the marriage becomes valid if the impediment is removed. If it is not, the innocent spouse, at least, is often entitled to the protections of a divorce for division of property and child custody.
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[edit] Catholic canon law
In canon law, a marriage is recognized unless proved invalid; for example, children born of it are legitimate, and the spouses can not marry others without proving the invalidity. If the invalidity is proven, an annulment can be granted. If the impediment is removed, or a dispensation granted, the marriage can be validated.
[edit] Putative marriage in the United States
Many U.S. states have a concept of a putative spouse.
A number of states followed the example of the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act (also sometimes called the Model Marriage and Divorce Act) to establish the concept of a "Putative Spouse" by statute. The concept has been codified in California, Colorado, Illinois, Louisiana, Minnesota and Montana. [1] Case law provides for putative spouse rights in Nebraska, Washington state and Nevada. [2] Colorado and Montana are the only U.S. states to have both common law marriage and to formally recognize putative spouse status. Putative spouse concepts, called "deemed marriages" are also recognized under the Social Security program in the United States. [3]
The putative spouse concept is likewise recognized in Australia. [4]
In Colorado, which is typical, "Any person who has cohabited with another person to whom he is not legally marriaged in the good faith belief that he was married to that person is a putative spouse until knowledge of the fact that he is not legally married terminates his status and prevents acquisition of further rights." Section 14-2-111, Colorado Revised Statutes.
Putative spouse status is a remedial doctrine designed to protect the reasonable expectations of someone who acts on the belief that they are married, and generally entitled a putative spouse to the rights a legal spouse would have for the period from the putative marriage until discovery that the marriage was not legal. It is possible that a person could have both a legal spouse and someone is a putative spouse[clarify], in which case, courts are directed to do what seems appropriate in the circumstances.
Unlike a common law marriage, which is possible only when both spouses are legally eligible to marry, putative spouse status can be unilateral. For example, if a husband is married, but goes through a marriage ceremony without informing the woman with whom he goes through with the ceremony of that fact, the husband is not a putative spouse, because he knows that he has no right to marry. The wife however is a putative spouse because she in good faith believes that she is married, and has no knowledge that she is not legally married. See, e.g. Carndell v. Resley, 804 P.2d 272 (Colo. App. 1990) and Williams v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Co., 670 P.2d 453 (Colo. App. 1983).
In the example above, the putative wife who believed she was married could seek the property division and alimony awards that a legal spouse could have, when the putative spouse discovers that she is not legally married, but the man she believed she was married to could not seek a property division of property in the putative wife's name or alimony from her, because he knew that they weren't married.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia "Putative Marriage"
- Ruling on a putative marriage citing Colorado state law
- Texas law
