Peafowl
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| Image:Peacock front02 - melbourne zoo.jpg Indian Blue Peacock
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Pavo cristatus |
The term peafowl can refer to the two species of bird in the genus Pavo of the pheasant family, Phasianidae. The African Congo Peafowl is placed in its own genus Afropavo and is not dealt with here. Peafowl are best known for the male's extravagant tail, which it displays as part of courtship. The male is called a peacock, the female a peahen[1], though it is common to hear the female also referred to as a "peacock" or "female peacock". The female peafowl is brown or toned grey and brown.
The two species are:
- Indian Peafowl, Pavo cristatus (Asiatic)
- Green Peafowl, Pavo muticus (Asiatic)
The Indian Peafowl is a resident breeder in the Indian subcontinent. The peacock is designated as the national bird of India.
The Green Peafowl breeds from Burma east to Java. The IUCN lists the Green Peafowl as vulnerable to extinction due to hunting and a reduction in extent and quality of habitat.
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[edit] Taxonomy
The Indian Peafowl is monotypic, while the Green Peafowl has 3 subspecies, P. muticus spicifer, P. m imperator and the nominate P. m. muticus.[2]
The two species are largely allopatric but will hybridise in captivity.
While the form of Green Peafowl in Yunnan is not separated taxonomically, it differs in a few aspects from other forms, particularly in its forest-dwelling habits, an "odd, monal-like bill", a curiously long hind toe and longer, more slender wings (K. B. Woods in litt. 2000) [3]. Some have suggested this is a new subspecies.
Some pheasant breeders have suggested that the Green Peafowl may have more subspecies.[4][5]
Peafowl have sometimes been included in a distinct family from Pheasants [6].
[edit] Plumage
The male (peacock) Indian Peafowl has iridescent blue-green or green coloured plumage. The so-called "tail" of the peacock, also termed the "train", is not the tail quill feathers but highly elongated upper tail coverts. The train feathers have a series of eyes that are best seen when the tail is fanned. Both species have a head crest.
The female (peahen) Indian Peafowl has a mixture of dull green, brown, and grey in her plumage. She lacks the long upper tail coverts of the male but has a crest. Females can also display their plumage to ward off danger to their young or other female competition.
The Green Peafowl is very different in appearance to the Indian Peafowl. The male has green and gold plumage and has an erect crest. The wings are black with a sheen of blue.
Unlike the Indian Peafowl, the Green Peahen is very similar to the male, only having shorter upper tail coverts and less iridesence. It is very hard to tell a juvenile male from an adult female.
Many of the brilliant colours of the peacock plumage are due to an optical interference phenomenon (Bragg reflection) based on (nearly) periodic nanostructures found in the barbules (fiber-like components) of the feathers.
Different colours correspond to different length scales of the periodic structures. For brown feathers, a mixture of red and blue is required: one color is created by the periodic structure, and the other is a created by a Fabry-Perot interference peak from reflections off the outermost and innermost boundaries of the periodic structure.
Such interference-based structural color is especially important in producing the peacock's iridescent hues (which shimmer and change with viewing angle), since interference effects depend upon the angle of light, unlike chemical pigments.
[edit] Behaviour
The peafowl are forest birds that nest on the ground. The Pavo peafowl are terrestrial feeders but roost in trees.
Both species of Peafowl are believed to be polygamous. However, it has been suggested that "females" entering a male Green Peafowl's territory [7] are really his own juvenile or subadult young (K. B. Woods in litt. 2000) and that Green Peafowl are really monogamous in the wild. Those who subscribe to this notion cite the similarities between the sexes.
During mating season they will often emit a very loud high pitched cry.
[edit] Diet
Peafowl are omnivorous and eat plant parts, flower petals, seed heads, insects and other arthropods, reptiles, and amphibians.
In common with other members of the Galliformes, males possess metatarsal spurs or "thorns" used primarily during intraspecific fights.
[edit] Habitat
Asiatic peafowl like the Indian Blue Peafowl and especially the Green Peafowl occupy a similar niche as the roadrunners, secretary bird, and seriema. All of these birds hunt for small animals including arthropods on the ground and tall grass and minnows in shallow streams.
Because of human encroachment into their natural territories, peafowl and humans have come into increasing contact. Because of their natural beauty some are reluctant to classify the birds as pests, but their presence can be disturbing.
[edit] Peafowl as national symbols
The Peacock has been used by many nations as a national symbol.
- The Peacock is the national bird of India.
- Though the national bird of Burma is the Grey Peacock-pheasant, the Peacock is still a prominent symbol of Burma. The Dancing Peacock (the Peacock in courtship or in display of his feathers) was numerously featured in Burma monarchic flags as well as other nationalist symbols in the country such as coins, medals and emblems[8]. Early 20th century Burma banknotes also featured Peacocks[9]. The Fighting Peacock, as symbolic representation, is also associated with decades long democratic struggle against military dictatorship in the country. The latter closely resembles a Green Peafowl, as it has a tufted crest.
[edit] Gallery
[edit] Indian Peafowl
PeacockHead.jpg
An Indian Blue Peacock's head |
Peacock 00782.jpg
Shot of a white peacock |
Peacock courting peahen.jpg
An Indian Blue Peacock courts a peahen |
Peahen on Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands.jpg
An Indian Blue Peahen showing her plumage |
040411.JPG
Closeup of an Indian Blue Peacock's head |
Peacock DSC04082.jpg
When it is not in display, the long train rests on the ground and hampers the movements of the peacock |
Dscn08507wr.jpg
The Black-Shouldered Peacock was once thought to be a distinct subspecies, but is now considered a color mutation |
White peacock.jpg
A white peacock showing off his plumage |
Male Indian Blue Peacock head.jpg
The head of a male Indian Blue Peacock |
178279581 2b22d77351.jpg
Male Indian Blue Peacock at Grounds For Sculpture in Trenton, NJ |
Bottom of plate CXLII from 1st Encyclopaedia Britannica.jpg
Indian Blue Peacocks as illustrated in the First Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica |
[edit] Green Peafowl
Pavo muticus1.jpg
Male |
Pavo muticus2.jpg
Female |
Pavo muticus3.jpg
Close-up of a female's head |
Stavenn Pavo muticus 01.jpg
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Frankyboy Pavo muticus.JPG
Pavo muticus muticus |
[edit] See also
- Congo Peafowl
- Green Peafowl
- Indian Peafowl
- Handicap principle
- Tournament species
- Argus Panoptes
- NBC logos
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058859/peacock
- ^ Madge, S. and P. McGowan (2002) Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse ISBN 0-7136-3966-0
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ PDF in German
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ Burma flag and emblems
- ^ Kate's paper money: Burma
[edit] External links
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Free online Peafowl and poultry auction site
- Private peacock site
- Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource — World Birds Taxonomic List as of 2006-09-26
- Peafowl Varieties Database
- The Peacock Pages: All About Peacocks!, An article by Lisa Johnson from the Game Bird and Conservationists' Gazette — Aspects of the cultural role of peafowl and their place in aviculture.
- United Peafowl Association Knowledge Base
- "Peacocks Swarm Couple's Florida Home" — Feral peafowls became pests for one Florida couple in 2005, a CBS Evening News story
- Peafowl in Arcadia, Living With Arcadia's Wild Birds, a pamphlet by City of Arcadia, California (pdf)
- "Behavioural Ecologists Elucidated How Peahens Choose Their Mates, And Why", an article at ScienceDaily.com
- Peafowl videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Peacock — Etymology of the wordar:طاووس
de:Asiatische Pfauen es:Pavo real eo:Pavo fa:طاووس fr:Pavo ko:공작 (동물) hi:मोर io:Pavono id:Merak he:טווס kn:ನವಿಲು ka:ფარშავანგი (ფრინველი) lt:Povas hu:Páva mk:Паун ml:മയില് nl:Pauw (vogel) ja:クジャク no:Påfugl oc:Pavon pt:Pavão ru:Павлины simple:Asiatic peafowl fi:Riikinkukot sv:Påfåglar te:నెమలి vi:Công (chim) tr:Tavus kuşu zh-yue:孔雀 zh:孔雀
