Azari Language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Azari آذری Adari | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Iran (Persia), Azerbaijan | |
| Region: | Middle East, Central Asia | |
| Language extinction: | gradually 1100-1600AD | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Iranian Northwestern Iranian Azari | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | — | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Azari, also spelled Adari, Adhari, is the name used for the Iranian language which is spoken in Azerbaijan in many villages.
It was the dominant language in Azarbaijan before it was replaced in many regions by the Azerbaijani language, which is a Turkic language.[1].
Contents |
[edit] Linguistic affiliation
Azari is believed to be a part of the dialect continuum of Northwest Iranian languages. As such, its ancestor would be close to the earliest attested Northwest Iranian languages, Median. As the Northwestern and Southwestern Iranian languages had not yet developed very far apart by the first millennium AD, Azari would also still have been very similar to classical Middle Persian (also called Pahlavi).
Azari was spoken in most of Azerbaijan at least up to the 17th century, with the number of speakers decreasing since the 11th century due to the Turkification of the area. According to some accounts, it may have survived for several centuries after that up to the 16th or 17th century. Today, Iranian dialects are still spoken in several linguistic enclaves within Azerbaijan. While some scholars believe that these dialects form a direct continuation of the ancient Azari languages,[2], others have argued that they are likely to be a later import through migration from other parts of Iran, and that the original Azari dialects became extinct.[3]
The name "Azari" is derived from the old Iranian name for the region of Azerbaijan. The same name for the region, in a Turkified form, was later adopted also to designate the modern Turkic language "Azeri".
Professor Iqrar Aliyev states that[4]:
| “ |
1. In the writing of medieval Arab historians (Ibn Hawqal, Muqqaddesi..), the people of Azerbaijan spoke Azari. 2. This Azari was without doubt an Iranian language because it is also contrasted with Dari but it is also mentioned as Persian. It was not the same as the languages of the caucus mentioned by Arab historians. 3. Azari is not exactly Dari (name used for the Khorasanian Persian which is the Modern Persian language). From the research conducted by researchers upon this language , it appears that this language is part of the NW Iranian languages and was close to Talyshi language. Talyshi language has kept some of the characteristics of the Median language. | ” |
Professor. Ighrar Aliyev also mentions that the Arab historians Baladhuri, Masudi, Ibn Hawqal and Yaqut have mentioned this language by name[5]. Medieval historians and scholars also record that the language of the region of Azerbaijan, as well as its people there, as Iranians who spoke Iranian languages. Among these writes are Al-Istakhri, Al-Masudi, Ibn al-Nadim, Hamzeh Esfahani, Ibn Hawqal, Al-Baladhuri, Moqaddasi, Yaghubi, Hamdallah Mostowfi, and Al-Khwarizmi[6].
According to Vladimir Minorsky, around the 9th-10th century:[7]:
| “ | ”The original sedentary population of Azarbayjan consisted of a mass of peasants and at the time of the Arab conquest was compromised under the semi-contemptuous term of Uluj(“non-Arab”)-somewhat similar to the raya(*ri’aya) of the Ottomon empire. The only arms of this peaceful rustic population were slings, see Tabari, II, 1379-89. They spoke a number of dialects (Adhari(Azari), Talishi) of which even now there remains some islets surviving amidst the Turkish speaking population. It was this basic population on which Babak leaned in his revolt against the caliphate. | ” |
According to Professor. Gilbert Lazard[8]:
| “ | Azarbaijan was the domain of adhari, an important Iranian dialect which Masudi mentions together with Dari and Pahlavi | ” |
[edit] Historical attestations
Ebn al-Moqaffa’ (d. 142/759) is quoted by ibn Al-Nadim in his famous Al-Fihrist as stating that Azerbaijan, Nahavand, Rayy, Hamadan and Esfahan speak Fahlavi (Pahlavi) and collectively constitute the region of Fahlah. [9].
A very similar statement is given by the medieval historian Hamzeh Isfahani when talking about Sassanid Iran. Hamzeh Isfahani writes in the book Al-Tanbih ‘ala Hoduth alTashif that five “tongues” or dialects, were common in Sassanian Iran: Fahlavi, Dari, Persian, Khuzi and Soryani. Hamzeh (893-961 A.D.) explains these dialects in the following way[10]:
| “ | Fahlavi was a dialect which kings spoke in their assemblies and it is related to Fahleh. This name is used to designate five cities of Iran, Esfahan, Rey, Hamadan, Man Nahavand, and Azerbaijan. Persian is a dialect which was spoken by the clergy (Zoroastrian) and those who associated with them and is the language of the cities of Fars. Dari is the dialect of the cities of Ctesiphon and was spoken in the kings' /dabariyan/ 'courts'. The root of its name is related to its use; /darbar/ 'court* is implied in /dar/. The vocabulary of the natives of Balkh was dominant in this language, which includes the dialects of the eastern peoples. Khuzi is associated with the cities of Khuzistan where kings and dignitaries used it in private conversation and during leisure time, in the bath houses for instance. | ” |
Ibn Hawqal states:[11]
| “ | the language of the people of Azerbaijan and most of the people of Armenia (sic; he probably means the Iranian Armenia) is Iranian (al-farssya), which binds them together, while Arabic is also used among them; among those who speak al-faressya (here he seemingly means Persian, spoken by the elite of the urban population), there are few who do not understand Arabic; and some merchants and landowners are even adept in it”. | ” |
It should be noted that Ibn Hawqal mentions that some areas of Armenia are controlled by Muslims and others by Christians.[12]
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Al-Masudi (896-956), the Arab historian states:
| “ | The Persians are a people whose borders are the Mahat Mountains and Azarbaijan up to Armenia and Aran, and Bayleqan and Darband, and Ray and Tabaristan and Masqat and Shabaran and Jorjan and Abarshahr, and that is Nishabur, and Herat and Marv and other places in land of Khorasan, and Sejistan and Kerman and Fars and Ahvaz...All these lands were once one kingdom with one sovereign and one language...although the language differed slightly. The language, however, is one, in that its letters are written the same way and used the same way in composition. There are, then, different languages such as Pahlavi, Dari, Azari, as well as other Persian languages.[13] | ” |
Al-Moqaddasi(d. late 4th/10th cent.) considers Azerbaijan as part of the 8th division of lands. He states:“The languages of the 8th division is Iranian (al-‘ajamyya). It is partly partly Dari and partly convoluted (monqaleq) and all of them are named Persian”[14].
Al-Moqaddasi also writes on the general region of Armenia, Arran and Azerbaijan and states[15].:
| “ | They have big beards, their speech is not attractive. In Arminya they speak Armenian, in al-Ran, Ranian (Aranian). Their Persian is understandable, and is close to Khurasanian (Dari Persian) in sound | ” |
Ahmad ibn Yaqubi mentions that the “People of Azerbaijan are a mixture of ‘Ajam-i Azari (Ajam is a term that developed to mean Iranian) of Azaris and old Javedanis (followers of Javidan the son of Shahrak who was the leader of Khurramites and successed by Babak Khorramdin). “[16]
Zakarrya b. Moháammad Qazvini's report in Athar al-Bilad, composed in 674/1275, that “no town has escaped being taken over by the Turks except Tabriz” (Beirut ed., 1960, p. 339) one may infer that at least Tabriz had remained aloof from the influence of Turkish until the time[17].
From the time of the Mongol invasion, most of whose armies were composed of Turkic tribes, the influence of Turkish increased in the region. On ther hand, the old Iranian dialects remained prevalent in major cities. Hamdallah Mostawafi writing in the 1340s calls the language of Maraqa as “modified Pahlavi”(Pahlavi-ye Mughayyar). Mostowafi calls the language of Zanjan (Pahlavi-ye Raast). The language of Gushtaspi covering the Caspian border region between Gilan to Shirvan is called a Pahlavi language close to the language of Gilan. [18]
Following the Islamic Conquest of Iran, Middle Persian, also known as Pahlavi, continued to be used until the 10th century when it was gradually replaced by a new breed of Persian language, most notably Dari. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Thus Dari, which contains many loanwords from its predecessors, is considered the continuation of Middle Persian which was prevalent in the early Islamic era of western Iran. The name Dari comes from the word (دربار) which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. (See Persian literature)
[edit] The Iranic dialect of Tabriz
The language of Tabriz, being an Iranian language, was not the standard Khurasani dari. Qatran Tabrizi(11th century) has an interesting couplet mentioning this fact:[19]
| “ |
بلبل به سان مطرب بیدل فراز گل گه پارسی نوازد، گاهی زند دری Translation: The nightingale is on top of the flower like a minstrel who has lost her heart It bemoans sometimes in Parsi (Persian) and sometimes in Dari (Khurasani Persian) | ” |
There are extant words, phrases, sentences and poems attested in the old Iranic dialect of Tabriz in a variety of books and manuscripts[20].
Hamdullah Mustuwafi(14th century) mentions a sentence in the language of Tabriz:[21]:
| “ |
تبارزه اگر صاحب حُسني را با لباس ناسزا يابند، گويند "انگور خلوقي بي چه در، درّ سوه اندرين"؛ يعني انگور خلوقي( انگوري مرغوب) است در سبد دريده “The Tabrizians have a phrase when they see a fortunate and wealthy man in a uncouth clothes:" He is like fresh grapes in a ripped fruit basket. " | ” |
A Macronical(mula'ma which is popular in Persian poetry where some verses are in one language and another in another language) poem from Homam Tabrizi where some verses are in Khorasani (Dari) Persian and others are in the dialect of Tabriz
[22].
| “ |
بديذم چشم مستت رفتم اژ دست // كوام و آذر دلي كويا بتي مست // دلام خود رفت و ميدانم كه روژي // به مهرت هم بشي خوش كيانم اژ دست // به آب زندگي اي خوش عبارت // لوانت لاود جمن ديل و كيان بست // دمي بر عاشق خود مهربان شو // كزي سر مهرورزي كست و ني كست // به عشقات گر همام از جان برآيذ // مواژش كان بوان بمرت وارست // كرم خا و ابري بشم بويني // به بويت خته بام ژاهنام | ” |
Another Ghazal from Homam Tabrizi where all the couplets except the last couplet is in Persian. The last couplet reads:[23]
| “ |
«وهار و ول و ديم يار خوش بي // اوي ياران مه ول بی مه وهاران» Transliteration: Wahar o wol o Dim yaar khwash Bi Awi Yaaraan, mah wul Bi , Mah Wahaaraan Translation: The Spring and Flowers and the face of the friend are all pleaseant But without the friend, there are no flowers or a spring. | ” |
Another recent discovery by the name of Safina-yi Tabriz has given sentences from native of Tabriz in their peculiar Iranic dialect. The work was compiled during the Ilkhanid era. A sample expression of from the mystic Baba Faraj Tabrizi in the Safina[24]:
| “ |
انانک قدهي فرجشون فعالم آندره اووارادا چاشمش نه پيف قدم کينستا نه پيف حدوث Standard Persian (translated by the author of Safina himself): چندانک فرج را در عالم آوردهاند چشم او نه بر قدم افتاده است نه بر حدوث Modern English: They brought Faraj in this world in such a way that his eye is neither towards pre-eternity nor upon createdness. | ” |
The Safina (written in the Ilkhanid era) contains many poems and sentences from the old regional dialect of Azerbijan.
A sentence in the dialect of Tabriz (the author calls Zaban-I Tabriz (dialect/language of Tabriz) recorded and also translated by Ibn Bazzaz Ardabili in the Safvat al-Safa [25]:
| “ |
«علیشاه چو در آمد گستاخ وار شیخ را در کنار گرفت و گفت حاضر باش بزبان تبریزی گو حریفر ژاته یعنی سخن بصرف بگو حریفت رسیده است. در این گفتن دست بر کتف مبارک شیخ زد شیخ را غیرت سر بر کرد» The sentence: “Gu Harif(a/e)r Zhaatah” is mentioned in Tabrizi Dialect. | ” |
A sentence in the dialect of Tabriz by Pir Zehtab Tabrizi addressing the Qara-qoyunlu ruler Eskandar[26]:
| “ | “Eskandar! Roodam Koshti, Roodat Koshta”
(Eskandar! You killed my son, may your son perish”) | ” |
The word Rood for son is still used in some Iranian dialects, specially the Larestani dialect and other dialects around Fars.
Four quatrains titled fahlavvviyat from Khwaja Muhammad Kojjani (d. 677/1278-79); born in Kojjan or Korjan, a village near Tabriz, recorded by Abd-al-Qader Maraghi[27][28].
A sample of one of the four quatrains from Khwaja Muhammad Kojjani
| “ |
همه کیژی نَهَند خُشتی بَخُشتی بَنا اج چو کَه دستِ گیژی وَنیژه همه پیغمبران خُو بی و چو کِی محمدمصطفی کیژی وَنیژه | ” |
Two qet'as (poems) quoted by Abd-al-Qader Maraghi in the dialect of Tabrz (d. 838/1434-35; II, p. 142)[29][30].
A sample of one these poems
| “ |
رُورُم پَری بجولان نو کُو بَمَن وُرارده وی خَد شدیم بدامش هیزا اَوُو وُرارده
| ” |
A Ghazal and fourteen quatrains under the title of fahlaviyat by the poet Maghrebi Tabrizi (d. 809/1406-7)[31][32].
A text probably by Mama Esmat Tabrizi, a mystical woman-poet of Tabriz (d. 9th/15th cent.), which occurs in a manuscript, preserved in Turkey, concerning the shrines of saints in Tabriz[33][34].
A interesting phrase “Buri Buri” which in Persian means Biya Biya or in English: Come! Come! Is mentioned by Rumi from the mouth of Shams Tabrizi in this poem:
| “ |
«ولی ترجیع پنجم در نیایم جز به دستوری که شمس الدین تبریزی بفرماید مرا بوری مرا گوید بیا، بوری که من باغم تو زنبوری که تا خونت عسل گردد که تا مومت شود نوری» | ” |
The word Buri is mentioned by Hussain Tabrizi Karbali with regards to the Shaykh Khwajah Abdur-rahim Azh-Abaadi as to "come":[35].
In the Harzandi Iranic dialect of Harzand in Azerbaijan as well as the Iranic Karingani dialect of Azerbaijan, both recorded in the 20th century, the two words “Biri” and “Burah” means to “come” and are of the same root[36]
[edit] On the language of Maragheh
Hamdollah Mustawafi of the 13th century A.D. mentions the language of Maragheh as "Pahlavi Mughayr" (modified Pahlavi):[37]
Interestingly enough, the 17th century A.D. Ottomon Turkish traveler Evliya Chelebi who traveled to Safavid Iran also states:
“The majority of the women in Maragheh converse in Pahlavi”[38].
[edit] Pre-Turkic Azari
Etymological studies verify that the extinct dialects spoken from Baku to Semnan before 11th century, all originated from a common source. In other words, the people of Azerbaijan spoke the same language spoken by the Medes. (See UCLA's distinguished professor Ehsan Yarshater's report in: Majaleh-ye Dâneshkadeh-ye Adabiyât, “مجله دانشكده ادبيات”, year 5, No. 1-2, p 35–37.)
According to Dehkhoda Dictionary, "the language of Azarbaijan is a branch of the Iranian languages known as Azari". (entry for "Azari", 2006 edition) Azari researcher Ahmad Kasravi Tabrizi in his book "The ancient tongue of Azarbaygan" (زبان باستان آذربایگان) supports this and reports that the medieval historian Yaqut al-Hamawi used the phrase Al-Ajam ol-Azariyah ("The Azari Iranian") in his books Mo'ajjem al-Udabā and Mo'jem al-Baladān. In other sources such as Surat al-Ardh (صورة الأرض) by Ibn Hawqal, Ahsan al-Taqāsim by Moqaddasi, and Al-Masālik wa al-Mamālik by Istakhri, people in Azerbaijan are recorded to be speaking Iranian languages. Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa identifies the Iranian languages as such:
| “ | The Iranian languages are Fahlavi (Pahlavi), Dari, Khuzi, Persian, and Seryani. But Fahlavi comes from the word Fahleh. And Fahleh is a name that refers to 5 regions: Isfahan, Ray, Hamedan, Mah-Nahavand, and Azerbaijan. | ” |
Obviously, this was all before the Turkic arrival.
Encyclopedia Iranica quotes Ibn al-Nadim's book Al-fihrist in verifying that all the Median and Persian lands of antiquity (including what is today known as Azerbaijan) spoke one language. And Tabari in 849 also mentions that poets in Maragheh recited Pahlavi poetry. Some Azerbaijani poets however, such as Qatran Tabrizi, used the word "Persian" and "Pahlavi" interchangeably to describe their native language.
The historian Hamdollah Mostowfi even goes as far as describing variants of "Pahlavi" spoken in different areas of Azerbaijan (then part of Greater Persia). In his book Tarikh Gozideh, he describes eight poets from Azerbaijan, calling them Ahl-ol She'r Men-al-Ajam (Iranian poets), all Persian by tongue. By now, of course, Dari and Pahlavi had merged into one, as successive dynasties moved from east to west.
Suffice it to say that the number of records and documents from Azerbaijan in the Pahlavi language are so numerous that it has left no doubt that this was indeed the native tongue of Azerbaijan before the arrival of the Turks. Many words in the current Azeri vocabulary in fact are of Pahlavi origin. (See studies in Nashriyeh Adabiyāt of Tabriz University, by Dr. Mahyār Navābi, year 5 and 6. Also see Farhang-i Kamāleddin Teflisi, Ajāyeb al-Makhluqāt by Najibeddin Hamadāni, and also the books: Majmal-ol-Tavārikh, Al-qasas, Iskandar-Nameh e Qadeem, and others for lists of words.)
The current Turkic Azeri language spoken in Azerbaijan begins its steadly replacement of the old Pahlavi only with the beginning of the Safavid dynasty's rule in Persia. Earlier, many Turkic speaking nomads had chosen the green pastures of Azerbaijan, Aran and Shrivan for their settlement as early as the advent of the Seljuqs. However, they only filled in the pasturelands while the farmlands, villages and the cities remained Iranic in language. The linguistic conversion of Azerbaijan went hand in hand with the coversion of the Azeris into Shiism.
From 1501 and the advent of the Safavid dyansty to 1639 and the Treaty of Zohab between the Ottoman Empire and Persia, perhaps over two million people were forcefully removed from the common battlefields between the two warring states. These included eastern Anatolia (to include all of Armenia, northern Kurdistan), all of Azerbaijan, Shirvan and Aran (the last two being known presently as the Republic of Azerbaijan). The Shias were moved east and the Sunnis to the west. The Christians were moved every which way, from Isfahan to Mazandaran, from Marash to Adana.
Hundreds of thousands of Turkic speaking Shia nomads from central and eastern Anatolia were resettled in Azerbaijan and Shirvan. Even a larger numbers of Iranic speaking Sunni Azeris/Azaris fled west into the Ottoman Empire from the oppression of the Shia extremism of the early Safavids. Many settled as far afield as Iznik near Istanbul. The famous Iznik glazed pottery and fiance work still has a strong Tabrizi flavor—even today, four hundred years later! Some of these old timer, Iranic speaking, Sunni Azeris moved as far as the new Mughal Empire in India.
In short, as Azerbaijan, Shrivan and Aran became steadily more Shia, they also became steadily more Turkic speaking. The process is nearly complete today.
Historians report Pahlavi being spoken in Tabriz as late as the 17th century. (See Rowdhat ul-Jinan by Hafez Hosein Tabrizi [d997 A.H.], and Risaleh ye Anārjāni written in 1577). Even the Ottoman Turkish explorer Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682) mentions this in his Seyahatname. He also reports that the elite and learned people of Nakhichevan and Maragheh spoke Pahlavi, during his tours of the region
As late as 1820s, many neighborhood in Tabriz were still Iranic speaking, although fully Shia by this time. By the late 1800s, the Turkification of Azerbaijan was near completion with the old Iranic speakers found solely in tiny isolated recesses of the mountains or other remote areas (such as Harzand, Galin Guya and Anarjan). Even the heavily populated Kurdish tribes of Azerbaijan, most importantly the great Qashqai tribe switched from Kurdish to Turkic Azeri in the course of the 19th century as they accept Shiism for their religion. The old timer Shaqaqis still can muster some Kurdish, while the newer generations are fully assimilated.
The old Iranic, Pahlavi based language of Azerbaijan, is now extinct, unless one considers Harzandi and other isoglosses to be remnant of it.
[edit] See also
- Azerbaijani language
- Languages of Azarbaijan
- Languages of Iran
- Iranian languages
- Talysh language
- Tat language
[edit] References used
- ^ "Azari: The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan" in Encyclopedia Iranica by E. Yarshater [1]
- ^ "Azari: The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan" in Encyclopedia Iranica by E. Yarshater pg 238-245
- ^ The Ancient Language of Azarbaijan, by B.W. Henning
- ^ Professor Ighrar Aliyev. The History of Aturpatakan. Persian Translation by Dr. Shaadman Yusuf. Balkh Publishers. Tehran. 1999.
- ^ Professor Ighrar Aliyev. The History of Aturpatakan. Persian Translation by Dr. Shaadman Yusuf. Balkh Publishers. Tehran. 1999.
- ^ ("Azari: The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan" in Encyclopedia Iranica by E. Yarshater http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f3/v3f2a88b.html])
- ^ V. Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian history, Cambridge University Press, 1957, pg 112
- ^ Lazard, Gilbert 1975, “The Rise of the New Persian Language” in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595-632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 599
- ^ : Ibn Nadeem, “Fihrist”, Translated by Reza Tajaddod, Ibn Sina publishers, 1967. ابن نديم در الفهرست مينويسد: (= اما فهلوي منسوب است به فهله كه نام نهاده شده است بر پنج شهر: اصفهان و ري و همدان و ماه نهاوند و آذربايجان. و دري لغت شهرهاي مداين است و درباريان پادشاه بدان زبان سخن ميگفتند و منسوب است به مردم دربار و لغت اهل خراسان و مشرق و لغت مردم بلخ بر آن زبان غالب است. اما فارسي كلامي است كه موبدان و علما و مانند ايشان بدان سخن گويند و آن زبان مردم اهل فارس باشد. اما خوزي زباني است كه ملوك و اشراف در خلوت و مواضع لعب و لذت با نديمان و حاشيت خود گفتوگو كنند. اما سرياني آن است كه مردم سواد بدان سخن رانند). ابن ندیم، محمد بن اسحاق: «فهرست»، ترجمهي رضا تجدد، انتشارات ابن سینا، 1346 Original Arabic. Ibn Nadeem, Al-Fihrist. www.alwaraq.com accessed in September, 2007. فأما الفهلوية فمنسوب إلى فهله اسم يقع على خمسة بلدان وهي أصفهان والري وهمدان وماه نهاوند وأذربيجان وأما الدرية فلغة مدن المدائن وبها كان يتكلم من بباب الملك وهي منسوبة إلى حاضرة الباب والغالب عليها من لغة أهل خراسان والمشرق و اللغة أهل بلخ وأما الفارسية فتكلم بها الموابدة والعلماء وأشباههم وهي لغة أهل فارس وأما الخوزية فبها كان يتكلم الملوك والأشراف في الخلوة ومواضع اللعب واللذة ومع الحاشية وأما السريانية فكان يتكلم بها أهل السواد والمكاتبة في نوع من اللغة بالسرياني فارسي
- ^ (Mehdi Marashi, Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Ibex Publishers, Inc, 1994. pg 255)
- ^ ["Azari: The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan" in Encyclopedia Iranica by E. Yarshater [2]
- ^ Ibn Howqal,Surat al-ardh. Translation and comments by: J. Shoar, Amir Kabir Publishers, Iran. 1981. "ارمنیه دو قسمت است: داخلی و خارجی. در ارمنیه ی خارجی شهرهایی از آن مسلمانان و به دست آنان است و خود مسلمانان فرمانروای آنجا هستند و دست ارامنه از دست آن قطع گردیده است و به کلی تحت حکومت پادشاهان اسلامی است: از جمله این شهرها ارجیش، منازجرد و خلاط است. و حدود ارمنیه خارجی معین است یعنی از مشرق به بردعه و از مغرب به جزیره و از جنوب به آذربایجان و از شما به نواحی روم در سمت قالیقالا محدود است
- ^ (Al Mas'udi, Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf, De Goeje, M.J. (ed.), Leiden, Brill, 1894, pp. 77-8). Original Arabic from www.alwaraq.net: فالفرس أمة حد بلادها الجبال من الماهات وغيرها وآذربيجان إلى ما يلي بلاد أرمينية وأران والبيلقان إلى دربند وهو الباب والأبواب والري وطبرستن والمسقط والشابران وجرجان وابرشهر، وهي نيسابور، وهراة ومرو وغير ذلك من بلاد خراسان وسجستان وكرمان وفارس والأهواز، وما اتصل بذلك من أرض الأعاجم في هذا الوقت وكل هذه البلاد كانت مملكة واحدة ملكها ملك واحد ولسانها واحد، إلا أنهم كانوا يتباينون في شيء يسير من اللغات وذلك أن اللغة إنما تكون واحدة بأن تكون حروفها التي تكتب واحدة وتأليف حروفها تأليف واحد، وإن اختلفت بعد ذلك في سائر الأشياء الأخر كالفهلوية والدرية والآذرية وغيرها من لغات الفرس.
- ^ Al-Moqaddasi, Shams ad-Din Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Ahsan al-Taqasi fi Ma’rifa al-Aqalim, Translated by Ali Naqi Vaziri, Volume one, First Edition, Mu’alifan and Mutarjiman Publishers, Iran, 1981, pg 377 المقدسي، شمسالدين ابوعبدالله محمدبن احمد، احسن التقاسيم في معرفه الاقاليم، ترجمه دكتر علينقي وزيري، جلد 1، چاپ اول، انتشارات مؤلفان و مترجمان ايران، 1361، ص 377.
- ^ Al-Muqaddasi, ‘The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions’, a translation of his Ahsan at-taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim by B.A. Collins, Centre for Muslim Contribution to Civilization, Garnet Publishing Limited,1994. pg 334
- ^ (Tārīkh-i Yaqūbī / talīf-i Aḥmad ibn Abī Yaqūbi ; tarjamah-i Muḥammad Ibrahim Ayati, Intirisharat Bungah-I Tarjamah va Nashr-I Kitab, 1969.
- ^ ("Azari: The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan" in Encyclopedia Iranica by E. Yarshater http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f3/v3f2a88b.html])
- ^ «مستوفي، حمدالله: «نزهةالقلوب، به كوشش محمد دبيرسياقي، انتشارات طهوري، 1336 Mostawafi, Hamdallah. Nozhat al-Qolub. Edit by Muhammad Dabir Sayyaqi. Tahuri publishers, 1957.
- ^ Riyahi Khoi, Mohammad Amin. “Molehaazi darbaareyeh Zabaan-I Kohan Azerbaijan”(Some comments on the ancient language of Azerbaijan), ‘Itilia’at Siyasi Magazine, volume 181-182. رياحي خويي، محمدامين، «ملاحظاتي دربارهي زبان كهن آذربايجان»: اطلاعات سياسي - اقتصادي، شمارهي 182-181 Also available at: [[3]]
- ^ Fahlaviyat in Encyclopedia Iranica by Dr. Ahmad Taffazoli, [4]
- ^ مستوفي، حمدالله: "نزهةالقلوب"، به كوشش محمد دبيرسياقي، انتشارات طهوري، 1336 Mostawafi, Hamdallah. Nozhat al-Qolub. Edit by Muhammad Dabir Sayyaqi. Tahuri publishers, 1957, pg 98. يك جمله از زبان تبريزيان در «نزهةالقلوب» حمدالله مستوفی : تبارزه اگر صاحب حُسني را با لباس ناسزا يابند، گويند "انگور خلوقي بي چه در، درّ سوه اندرين"؛ يعني انگور خلوقي( انگوري مرغوب) است در سبد دريده»
- ^ Gholam Reza Ensafpur, “Tarikh o Tabar Zaban-i Azarbaijan”(The history and roots of the language of Azarbaijan), Fekr-I Rooz Publishers, 1998 (1377). انصافپور، غلامرضا:"تاريخ تبار و زبان آذربايجان"، انتشارات فكر روز، 1377
- ^ كارنگ، عبدالعلي: «تاتي و هرزني، دو لهجه از زبان باستان آذربايجان»، تبريز، 1333 Karang, Abdul Ali. “Tati, Harzani, two dialects from the ancient language of Azerbaijan”, Tabriz, 1333. 1952.
- ^ Manouchehr Mortazavi. Zaban-e-Dirin Azerbaijan (On the Old language of Azerbaijan). Bonyat Moqoofaat Dr. Afshar. 2005(1384). منوچهر مرتضوی، زبان دیرین آذربایجان، بنیاد موقوفات دکتر افشار، 1384.
- ^ Rezazadeh Malak, Rahim. “The Azari Dialect” (Guyesh-I Azari), Anjuman Farhang Iran Bastan publishers, 1352(1973).
- ^ Riyahi Khoi, Mohammad Amin. “Molehaazi darbaareyeh Zabaan-I Kohan Azerbaijan”(Some comments on the ancient language of Azerbaijan), ‘Itilia’at Siyasi Magazine, volume 181-182. رياحي خويي، محمدامين، «ملاحظاتي دربارهي زبان كهن آذربايجان»: اطلاعات سياسي - اقتصادي، شمارهي 182-181 Also available at: [[5]]
- ^ Fahlaviyat in Encyclopedia Iranica by Dr. Ahmad Taffazoli, [6]
- ^ Dr. A. A. Sadeqi, "Ash'ar-e mahalli-e Jame' al-alHaann," Majalla-ye zaban-shenasi 9, 1371./1992, pp. 54-64/ [7]
- ^ Fahlaviyat in Encyclopedia Iranica by Dr. Ahmad Taffazoli, [8]
- ^ Dr. A. A. Sadeqi, "Ash'ar-e mahalli-e Jame' al-alHaann," Majalla-ye zaban-shenasi 9, 1371./1992, pp. 54-64.[9]
- ^ Fahlaviyat in Encyclopedia Iranica by Dr. Ahmad Taffazoli, [10]
- ^ M.-A. Adib Tusi "Fahlavyat-e Magrebi Tabrizi," NDA Tabriz 8, 1335/1956 [11]
- ^ Adib Tusi, “Fahlawiyat-e- Mama Esmat wa Kashfi be-zaban Azari estelaah-e raayi yaa shahri”, NDA, Tabriz 8/3, 1335/1957, pp 242-57. Also available at: [[12]].
- ^ "Azari: The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan" in Encyclopedia Iranica by E. Yarshater. [13]
- ^ حافظ حسین کربلائی تبریزی، «روضات الجنان»، بنگاه ترجمه و نشر کتاب، 1344-1349 1965-1970. Karbalai Tabrizi, Hussein. “Rawdat al-jinan va Jannat al-Janan”, Bungah-I Tarjumah va Nashr-I Kitab, 1344-49 (1965-1970), 2 volumes. در روضات الجنان، دفتر نخست، ص 115 «مرقد و مزار...خواجه عبدالرحيم اژابادي...در سرخاب مشخص و معين است...وي تبريزي اند منسوب به کوچۀ اچاباد(اژآباد) که کوچۀ معيني است در تبريز در حوالي درب اعلي...و از او چنين استماع افتاده که حضرت خواجه در اوايل به صنعت بافندگي ابريشم مشعوري مي نموده اند و خالي از جمعيتي و ثروتي نبوده و بسيار اخلاص به درويشان داشته، روزي حضرت بابا مزيد وي را ديده و به نظر حقيقت شناخته که درر معرف الهي در صدف سينه اش مختفي است، گفته: عبدالرحيم بوري بوري يعني بيا بيا، که ديگران را نان از بازار است و تو را از خانه يعني کلام تو از الهامات رباني باشد.»
- ^ كارنگ، عبدالعلي: «تاتي و هرزني، دو لهجه از زبان باستان آذربايجان»، تبريز،چاپخانه-ی شفق، 1333 Source: Karang, Abdul Ali. “Tati wa Harzani, Do lahjeh az zabaan-i baastaan-i Azerbaijan”, Shafaq publishers, 1333(1955) (pg 91 and pg 112)
- ^ "حمدالله مستوفي هم كه در سدههاي هفتم و هشتم هجري ميزيست، ضمن اشاره به زبان مردم مراغه مينويسد: "زبانشان پهلوي مغير است مستوفي، حمدالله: "نزهةالقلوب"، به كوشش محمد دبيرسياقي، انتشارات طهوري، 1336 Mostawafi, Hamdallah. Nozhat al-Qolub. Edit by Muhammad Dabir Sayyaqi. Tahuri publishers, 1957.
- ^ Source: Riyahi Khoi, Mohammad Amin. “Molehaazi darbaareyeh Zabaan-I Kohan Azerbaijan”(Some comments on the ancient language of Azerbaijan), ‘Itilia’at Siyasi Magazine, volume 181-182. رياحي خويي، محمدامين، «ملاحظاتي دربارهي زبان كهن آذربايجان»: اطلاعات سياسي - اقتصادي، شمارهي 182-181 Also available at: [[14]]
[edit] External links
- [
- more references
- Azapadegan Research Institute for Iranian cultures and civilization (includes research articles on Adhari)
Iranian languages | |||||
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| Legend: † Extinct language (no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant) | |||||
fa:زبان آذری ru:Азери (язык) az:Azərbaycan dilinin tarixi
