Non-Newtonian fluid
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A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscosity changes with the applied strain rate. As result, non-Newtonian fluids may not have a well-defined viscosity.
Although the concept of viscosity is commonly used to characterize a material, it can be inadequate to describe the mechanical behavior of a substance, particularly non-Newtonian fluids. They are best studied through several other rheological properties which relate the relations between the stress and strain tensors under many different flow conditions, such as oscillatory shear, or extensional flow which are measured using different devices or rheometers. The properties are better studied using tensor-valued constitutive equations, which are common in the field of continuum mechanics.
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[edit] Common examples
An inexpensive, non-toxic sample of a non-Newtonian fluid sometimes known as oobleck can be made by adding corn starch (corn flour) to a cup of water. The application of force - for example by stabbing the surface with a finger, or rapidly inverting the container holding it - leads to the fluid behaving like a solid rather than a liquid. This is the "shear thickening" property of this non-Newtonian fluid. More gentle treatment, such as slowly inserting a spoon, will leave it in its liquid state. Trying to jerk the spoon back out again, however, will trigger the return of the temporary solid state. A person moving quickly and applying sufficient force with his feet can literally walk across such a liquid.[1]
Shear thickening fluids of this sort are being researched for bullet resistant body armor, useful for their ability to absorb the energy of a high velocity projectile impact but remain soft and flexible while worn.
A familiar example of the opposite, a shear-thinning fluid, is paint: one wants the paint to flow readily off the brush when it is being applied to the surface being painted, but not to drip excessively.
[edit] Classification types
| Kelvin material | "Parallel" linear combination of elastic and viscous effects | ||
| Anelastic | Material returns to a well-defined "rest shape" | ||
| Time-dependent viscosity | Rheopectic | Apparent viscosity increases with duration of stress | Some lubricants |
| Thixotropic | Apparent viscosity decreases with duration of stress | Non-drip paints and tomato ketchup and most honey varieties. | |
| Generalized Newtonian fluids | Stress depends on normal and shear strain rates and also the pressure applied on it | Blood, Custard | |
[edit] See also
- Newtonian fluid
- Rheology
- Viscosity
- Superfluids
- Navier-Stokes equations
- Dissipative particle dynamics
- Finite deformation tensors
- Oobleck
- Quicksand
- Bingham plastic
- Complex fluid
[edit] External links
- Viscosity Chart
- A pool filled with non-newtonian fluid (youtube video)
- Narrated scientific experiments on the effects of vibrations on a non-newtonian fluid (youtube video)
- Amateur experiments on the effects of vibrations on a non-newtonian fluid (google video)
- Cornstarch Lifeforms (youtube video)
[edit] References
General subfields within physics |
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| Classical mechanics · Electromagnetism · Thermodynamics · Statistical mechanics · Quantum mechanics · Relativity · High energy physics · Condensed matter physics · Atomic, molecular, and optical physics |
de:Nichtnewtonsches Fluid es:Fluido no-newtoniano id:Fluida non-Newtonian it:Fluido non newtoniano pl:Płyn nienewtonowski pt:Fluido não-newtoniano ru:Неньютоновская жидкость sv:Icke-newtonsk fluid zh:非牛頓流體
