Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

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The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
Awarded for Outstanding contributions in Economics.
Presented by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
Sveriges Riksbank,
and the Nobel Foundation
Country Image:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
First awarded 1969
Official website

The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially named The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (Swedish: Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne), is an award for outstanding contributions in the field of economics and is generally considered one of the most prestigious awards in that field.[1] It is commonly referred to as the "Nobel Prize in Economics"[2] and it is "identified with" the Nobel Prizes, although it is not one of the five Nobel Prizes (in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace), which were established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.[1][3][4][5][6] The Prize in Economics, as it is frequently referred to by the Nobel Foundation, is a prize established in memory of Alfred Nobel in 1968 on the 300th anniversary of Sveriges Riksbank (the central bank of Sweden, sometimes called the Bank of Sweden or the Swedish National Bank).[1][7][8][9] It was first awarded in 1969 to the Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch, "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes."[9][10][11] Like the Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics, Laureates in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[12][13]

Contents

[edit] Funding of the Prize

An endowment "in perpetuity" from Sveriges Riksbank covers the Nobel Foundation's administrative expenses associated with this particular Prize and funds the monetary part of the award.[12] Since 2001, the monetary grant for both the Nobel Prize and the Prize in Economics has been 10 million Swedish kronor (approx. US$1.5 million; 1.1 million Euro, in November 2007).[14][15][16]

[edit] Relation to the Nobel Prize

Even though The Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was instituted later than the five Nobel Prizes, the criteria for selecting its recipients, the process of their nomination and selection, and the presentation of their awards are, nevertheless, the same.[12][15] The Prize in Economic Sciences is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his [Alfred Nobel's] will," which stipulates their award annually to "those who ... shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind."[3][12][17]

[edit] Award nomination and selection process

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "administers a researcher exchange with academies in other countries and publishes six scientific journals. Every year the Academy awards the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry, the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the Crafoord Prize and a number of other large prizes" (official website).[13]

Each September, the Academy's Economics Prize Committee, which consists of five elected members, "sends invitations to thousands of scientists, members of academies and university professors in numerous countries, asking them to nominate candidates for the Prize in Economics for the coming year. Members of the Academy and former laureates are also authorised to nominate candidates."[13][12][18] All proposals and their supporting evidence must be received before February 1.[18] Afterwards, the proposals are reviewed by the Prize Committee and specially appointed experts. Before the end of September, the committee chooses potential laureates. If there is a tie, then the chairman of the committee casts the deciding vote. Next, the potential laureates must be approved by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Members of the Ninth Class (the social sciences division) of the Academy vote in mid-October to determine the next Prize in Economics Laureate(s).[12][13][19] As with the Nobel Prizes, no more than three people can share the prize for a given year, they must still be living at the time of the Prize announcement in October, and information about Prize nominations cannot be publicly disclosed for 50 years.[18]

With the Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature, the Laureates in Economics receive their diploma, gold medal, and monetary grant award document from the King of Sweden at the annual Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[1][20]

On October 15, 2007, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Bank of Sweden, and the Nobel Foundation announced the Academy's award of the Prize in Economic Sciences to three Americans, Leonid Hurwicz, Eric Maskin, and Roger Myerson, "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory. [Their work] has among other things helped economists identify efficient trading mechanisms, regulation schemes and voting procedures."[16]

[edit] Changes in the Prize criteria and in the Economics Prize Committee

In February 1995, after some acrimony pertaining to the awarding of the 1994 Prize in Economics to John Forbes Nash, the Prize in Economics was re-defined as a prize in social sciences, opening it to great contributions in fields like political science, psychology, and sociology.[21] Moreover, the composition of the Economics Prize Committee changed, so that, whereas previously the committee had consisted of five economists among its five members selecting the recipient(s), thereafter it would include two non-economists.[21]

[edit] Controversies and criticisms

Some critics argue that the prestige of the Prize in Economics derives in part from its association with the Nobel Prizes, an association which has often been a source of controversy. Among the most vocal critics of the Prize in Economics is the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, who is a great-grandnephew of Alfred Nobel.[22] Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal and former Swedish minister of finance Kjell-Olof Feldt have also advocated that the Prize in Economics should be abolished.[23] Myrdal's objections were based on his view that the 1976 Prize in Economics to Milton Friedman and the 1974 Prize in Economics shared by Friedrich Hayek (both classical liberal economists) were undeserved, not on an argument that the field of Economics did not qualify as a science. If he himself had been asked about the establishment of the Prize before receiving it, Hayek stated, then he would "have decidedly advised against it."[23][24]

Some critics claim the selection of recipients for the Prize in Economics demonstrates a bias towards mainstream economics.[25][26] The Department of Economics at the University of Chicago has garnered nine of these Prizes–more than any other university–leading some critics of the Prize to perceive that such an outcome demonstrates either a bias or the appearance of a bias against candidates with an alternate view, such as heterodox candidates.[citations needed]

Nassim Taleb criticises the Prize for promoting economic theories that misunderstand risk. He points to the 1990 Prize in Economics to William Sharpe and Harry Markowitz for theories that, he says, had already been undermined by the stock market crash of 1987, the 1997 Prize to Robert C. Merton and Myron Scholes for their option pricing formula, and the 2003 Prize to Robert F. Engle for his "ARCH" method of prediction of volatility that Taleb claims underperforms volatility forecasts made by ordinary traders.[27]

[edit] Alternative names

The official Swedish name of the Prize is Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne. The Nobel Foundation's translations of the Swedish name into English have varied since 1969, as demonstrated in the following chart:

Years Official name in English
1969–1970 Prize in Economic Science dedicated to the memory of Alfred Nobel[28][29]
1971 Prize in Economic Science[30]
1972 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[31]
1973–1975 Prize in Economic Science in Memory of Alfred Nobel[32][33]
1976–1977, 1983 Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[34][35][36]
1978–1981, 1984–1990 Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences[37][38][39][40]
1982 Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science[41]
1991 Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden) Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[42]
1992–2005 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[43][44]
2006–present The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[45][46]

During the Nobel Banquet, most laureates have not referred to the Prize in Economics. The following chart provides references that have been made to it:

Year: Laureate Laureate's name for the prize
1969: Jan Tinbergen[47] Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics
1970: Paul A. Samuelson[48] Alfred Nobel Memorial Awards in Economics
1971: Simon Kuznets,[49]
1994: John C. Harsanyi[50] 		Nobel Memorial Prize
1974: Friedrich August von Hayek[51] Nobel Memorial Prize for economic science
1975: Tjalling C. Koopmans[52] award for economics
1976: Milton Friedman,[53]
1981: James Tobin[54],
2006: Edmund S. Phelps[55] 		Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
1979: Theodore W. Schultz,[56]
1995: Robert E. Lucas Jr.,[57] 		Nobel Prize in Economics
1988: Maurice Allais[58] Prix Nobel d'Economie (French for Nobel Prize in Economics)
1981: Lawrence R. Klein[59] Prize in Economic Science

While some sources already cited observe that the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is commonly referred to informally as a "Nobel Prize in Economics," the press and other agencies have also called it by various other names; e.g.:

  • Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences[60]
  • Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science[61]
  • Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics[62][63]
  • Nobel Memorial Prize[64]

[edit] Laureates

The following chart lists all Laureates in Economics, the dates of their awards, their nationalities, and their award citations.[65]

Year Name Nationality Citations
1969 Ragnar Frisch
Jan Tinbergen 		Image:Flag of Norway.svg Norway
Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 		"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes."
1970 Paul Samuelson Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science."
1971 Simon Kuznets Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development."
1972 John Hicks
Kenneth Arrow 		Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States 		"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory."
1973 Wassily Leontief Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems."
1974 Gunnar Myrdal
Friedrich Hayek 		Image:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
Image:Flag of Austria.svg Austria 		"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena."
1975 Leonid Kantorovich
Tjalling Koopmans 		Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States 		"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources."
1976 Milton Friedman Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilisation policy."
1977 Bertil Ohlin
James Meade 		Image:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 		"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements."
1978 Herbert Simon Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations."
1979 Theodore Schultz
Arthur Lewis 		Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Image:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia 		"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries."
1980 Lawrence Klein Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies."
1981 James Tobin Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices."
1982 George Stigler Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation."
1983 Gérard Debreu Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium."
1984 Richard Stone Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom "for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis."
1985 Franco Modigliani Image:Flag of Italy.svg Italy / Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets."
1986 James M. Buchanan Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making."
1987 Robert Solow Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth."
1988 Maurice Allais Image:Flag of France.svg France "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources."
1989 Trygve Haavelmo Image:Flag of Norway.svg Norway "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures."
1990 Harry Markowitz
Merton Miller
William Forsyth Sharpe 		Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics."
1991 Ronald Coase Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy."
1992 Gary Becker Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including non-market behaviour."
1993 Robert Fogel
Douglass North 		Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change."
1994 John Harsanyi
John Forbes Nash
Reinhard Selten 		Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Image:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 		"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games."
1995 Robert Lucas, Jr. Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy."
1996 James Mirrlees
William Vickrey 		Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States 		"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information."
1997 Robert C. Merton
Myron Scholes 		Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives."
1998 Amartya Sen Image:Flag of India.svg India "for his contributions to welfare economics."
1999 Robert Mundell Image:Flag of Canada.svg Canada "for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas."
2000 James Heckman Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples."
Daniel McFadden Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice."
2001 George Akerlof
Michael Spence
Joseph E. Stiglitz 		Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information."
2002 Daniel Kahneman Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States / Image:Flag of Israel.svg Israel "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty."
Vernon L. Smith Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms."
2003 Robert F. Engle Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)."
Clive Granger Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom "for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)."
2004 Finn E. Kydland
Edward C. Prescott 		Image:Flag of Norway.svg Norway
Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States 		"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles."
2005 Robert Aumann (ישראל אומן)
Thomas Schelling 		Image:Flag of Israel.svg Israel / Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States 		"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis."
2006 Edmund Phelps Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy."
2007 Leonid Hurwicz
Eric Maskin
Roger Myerson 		Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory."

[edit] Demographics of the Laureates in Economics

Whereas the five Nobel Prizes have been awarded to females, all Laureates in Economics so far have been men.[66]

[edit] Allusions to Laureates in Economics in popular culture

In the television series The West Wing, the fictional U.S. President Josiah Bartlet is a Laureate in Economics.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d Nobel Prize. Encyclopædia Britannica (2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-14. “An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award; its winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.”
  2. ^ John A. Hird. Power, Knowledge, and Politics. (2005). Georgetown University Press. ISBN 1589010493 p.33
  3. ^ a b Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-11-07.
  4. ^ Qualified Nominators – The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. “The Prize in Economics is not a Nobel Prize.”
  5. ^ Peter Englund. Your Questions about The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-30. “The Nobel Prizes are only those that are specifically mentioned in Alfred Nobel's will (Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace). The Economics Prize came much later and is a prize in memory of Alfred Nobel. In all relevant respects the committee understands and treats economics as a field of science.”
  6. ^ Sylvia Nasar (1998). A Beautiful Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster, 358. ISBN 0-684-81906-6. “It is, in fact, not a Nobel Prize, but rather 'The Central Bank of Sweden [Sveriges Riksbank] Prize in Economic Science[s] in Memory of Alfred Nobel.'” 
  7. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Sveriges Riksbank. Retrieved on 2007-11-07. “Sveriges Riksbank’s Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in connection with the Riksbank’s 300th anniversary in 1968.”
  8. ^ The Nobel Prize. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-11-07. “In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.”
  9. ^ a b The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-11-07. “In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established this Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. The first Prize in Economics was awarded to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen in 1969”
  10. ^ "Jan Tinbergen" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed November 16, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9380801>.
  11. ^ "Ragnar Frisch" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed November 16, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9364984>.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Statutes for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel approved by the Crown on the 19th day of December 1968. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-11-16. “In celebration of the Tercentenary of Sveriges Riksbank, the Bank has instituted a prize in economic sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel. ... The Prize shall be awarded annually to a person who has written a work on economic sciences of the eminent significance expressed in the will of Alfred Nobel drawn up on November 27, 1895. ... The Prize shall be awarded by the Royal Academy of Sciences in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his will.”
  13. ^ a b c d "Nominating and Awarding", in "Prize in Economic Sciences", Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, accessed November 17, 2007.
  14. ^ The Prize Amount. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-11-17.
  15. ^ a b Assar Lindbeck, "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969-2006", nobelprize.org, April 18, 1999, accessed November 11, 2007.
  16. ^ a b "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2007", press release, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, October 15, 2007, accessed November 16, 2007.
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  18. ^ a b c Nomination and Selection of the Laureates in Economics. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
  19. ^ Members. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
  20. ^ The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies and Banquets. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-11-07.
  21. ^ a b Samuel Brittan, "The Not So Nobel Nobel Prize", The Financial Times, December 19, 2003, accessed November 10, 2007.
  22. ^ "Nobel descendant slams Economics prize", The Local, 28 Sept 2005. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. 
  23. ^ a b Samuel Brittan. "The not so noble Nobel Prize", The Financial Times, 19 December 2003. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. 
  24. ^ Hayek, Friedrich (1974-12-10). Friedrich August von Hayek - Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-11-01.
  25. ^ Sylvia Nasar. "The Sometimes Dismal Nobel Prize in Economics", New York Times, October 13 2001. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. 
  26. ^ Alex Millmow. "An IgNobel Scandal", Post-Autistic Economics Review, May 2 2002. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. 
  27. ^ Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. "The pseudo-science hurting markets", The Financial Times, 2007-10-23. 
  28. ^ Lundberg, Erik (1969-12-10). The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969: Presentation Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  29. ^ Lindbeck, Assar (1970-12-10). The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1970: Presentation Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  30. ^ Ohlin, Bertil (1971-12-10). The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1971: Presentation Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  31. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1972: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1972-10-25). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  32. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1973: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1973-10-18). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  33. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1975: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1975-10-14). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  34. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1976: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1976-10-14). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  35. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1977: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1977-10-14). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  36. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1983: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1983-10-17). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  37. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1978-10-16). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  38. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1981: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1981-10-13). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  39. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1984: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1984-10-18). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  40. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1990: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1990-10-16). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  41. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1982-10-20). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  42. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1991-10-15). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  43. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1992: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1992-10-13). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  44. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2005: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (2005-10-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  45. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2006: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (2006-10-09). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  46. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (2007-10-15). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  47. ^ Tinbergen, Jan (1969-12-10). Jan Tinbergen: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  48. ^ Samuelson, Paul A. (1970-12-10). Paul A. Samuelson: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  49. ^ Kuznets, Simon (1971-12-10). Simon Kuznets: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  50. ^ Harsanyi, John C. (1994-12-10). John C. Harsanyi: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  51. ^ von Hayek, Friedrich August (1974-12-10). Friedrich August von Hayek: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  52. ^ Koopmans, Tjalling C. (1975-12-10). Tjalling C. Koopmans: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  53. ^ Friedman, Milton (1976-12-10). Milton Friedman: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  54. ^ Tobin, James (1981-12-10). James Tobin: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  55. ^ Phelps, Edmund S. (2006-12-10). Edmund S. Phelps: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  56. ^ Schultz, Theodore W. (1979-12-10). Theodore W. Schultz: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  57. ^ Lucas Jr., Robert E. (1995-12-10). Robert E. Lucas Jr.: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  58. ^ Allais, Maurice (1988-12-10). Maurice Allais: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  59. ^ Klein, Lawrence R. (1980-12-10). Lawrence R. Klein: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  60. ^ Associated Press. "Recent winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in economics", Star Tribune, 2007-10-15. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. 
  61. ^ Prokesch, Steven. "Norwegian Wins Nobel For His Work in Economics", New York Times, 1989-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-11-10. 
  62. ^ Tickner, Neil. "University of Maryland Economist Wins Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics", University of Maryland, 2005-10-10. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. 
  63. ^ The 2003 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics: Analyzing Data with Irregular Trends and Volatility. National Science Foundation (2004-12-23). Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  64. ^ Gans, Joshua (August 2007). "Susan Athey Awarded John Bates Clark Medal". Stanford Business Magazine. Stanford Graduate School of Business. Retrieved on 2007-11-08.
  65. ^ All Laureates in Economics. the Nobel Foundation (2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-25.
  66. ^ "News from Nobelprize.org" (official newsletter of the Nobel Foundation), nobelprize.org, March 23, 2007, accessed November 11, 2007.

[edit] External links

v • d • e
Nobel Prizes
Chemistry · Literature · Peace · Physics · Physiology or Medicine
Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel: Economics
v • d • e
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics: List of Laureates
1969-1975Frisch / Tinbergen (1969) · Samuelson (1970) · Kuznets (1971) · Hicks / Arrow (1972) · Leontief (1973) · Myrdal / Hayek (1974) · Kantorovich / Koopmans (1975)
1976-2000Friedman (1976) · Ohlin / Meade (1977) · Simon (1978) · Schultz / Lewis (1979) · Klein (1980) · Tobin (1981) · Stigler (1982) · Debreu (1983) · Stone (1984) · Modigliani (1985) · Buchanan (1986) · Solow (1987) · Allais (1988) · Haavelmo (1989) · Markowitz / Miller / Sharpe (1990) · Coase (1991) · Becker (1992) · Fogel / North (1993) · Harsanyi / Nash / Selten (1994) · Lucas (1995) · Mirrlees / Vickrey (1996) · Merton / Scholes (1997) · Sen (1998) · Mundell (1999) · Heckman / McFadden (2000)
2001-2025Akerlof / Spence / Stiglitz (2001) · Kahneman / Smith (2002) · Engle / Granger (2003) · Kydland / Prescott (2004) · Aumann / Schelling (2005) · Phelps (2006) · Hurwicz / Maskin / Myerson (2007)
v • d • e
Financial economics awards
Career awardsNobel Prize in Economics · Fischer Black Prize · Morgan Stanley-American Finance Association Award
Research awardsBrattle Prize · Smith Breeden Prize · Jensen Prize · Fama-DFA Prize · Michael Brennan Award

ar:جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد bn:অর্থনীতিতে নোবেল পুরস্কার zh-min-nan:Alfred Nobel Keng-chè Kho-ha̍k Kì-liām-chióng bs:Nobelova nagrada za ekonomiju bg:Награда за икономически науки на Шведската банка в памет на Алфред Нобел ca:Premi Nobel d'Economia cs:Nobelova cena za ekonomii cy:Gwobr Economeg Nobel da:Nobelprisen i økonomi de:Nobelpreis für Wirtschaftswissenschaften et:Rootsi Panga auhind majandusteaduses Alfred Nobeli mälestuseks el:Βραβείο Νόμπελ Οικονομικών Επιστημών es:Premio del Banco de Suecia en Ciencias Económicas en memoria de Alfred Nobel eo:Nobel-Premio pri Ekonomiko eu:Ekonomiako Nobel Saria fa:جایزه نوبل اقتصاد fr:Prix de la Banque de Suède en sciences économiques en mémoire d'Alfred Nobel fy:Nobelpriis foar de Ekonomy gl:Nobel de Economía ko:노벨 경제학상 hr:Nobelova nagrada za ekonomiju io:Nobel-premiarii en ekonomiko id:Penghargaan Bank Swedia dalam Ilmu Ekonomi untuk mengenang Alfred Nobel ia:Premio Nobel pro Economia is:Nóbelsverðlaun í hagfræði it:Premio Nobel per l'economia he:פרס נובל לכלכלה lt:Nobelio ekonomikos premija hu:Közgazdasági Alfred Nobel-emlékdíj nl:Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie ja:アルフレッド・ノーベル記念経済学スウェーデン銀行賞 no:Sveriges Riksbanks pris i økonomisk vitenskap til minne om Alfred Nobel nn:Nobelprisen i økonomi oc:Prèmi Nobel d'Economia pl:Nagroda Banku Szwecji im. Alfreda Nobla w dziedzinie ekonomii pt:Prémio de Ciências Económicas ro:Premiul Nobel pentru Economie qu:Nobel Suñay Ikunumiyapi ru:Нобелевская премия по экономике scn:Premiu Nobel pi l'econumìa simple:Nobel Prize in Economics sk:Cena Švédskej ríšskej banky za ekonomické vedy na pamiatku Alfreda Nobela sr:Нобелова награда за економију sh:Nobelova nagrada za ekonomiju fi:Nobelin taloustieteen palkinto sv:Sveriges Riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne th:รางวัลโนเบลสาขาเศรษฐศาสตร์ vi:Những người đoạt giải Nobel Kinh tế tr:Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü uk:Нобелівська премія з економіки zh:诺贝尔经济学奖

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