Natural arch

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"Natural Bridges" redirects here; for the US National Monument, see Natural Bridges National Monument.

Rainbow Bridge was formed by a meandering watercourse. Utah (Navajo Nation), USA

A natural arch or natural bridge is a natural formation (or landform) where a rock arch forms, with a natural passageway through underneath. Most natural arches form as a narrow ridge, walled by cliffs, become narrower from erosion, with a softer rock stratum under the cliff-forming stratum gradually eroding out until the rock shelters thus formed meet underneath the ridge, thus forming the arch. Natural arches commonly form where cliffs are subject to erosion from the sea, rivers or weathering (sub-aerial processes); the processes "find" weaknesses in rocks and work on them, making them bigger until they break through.

The choice of "bridge" vs "arch" is somewhat arbitrary. The Natural Arch and Bridge Society identifies a bridge as a subtype of arch that is primarily water-formed.^[1] By contrast, the Dictionary of Geological Terms^[2] defines a natural bridge as a "natural arch that spans a valley of erosion."

Image:Durdledoor.jpg

Durdle Door, Dorset coast, United Kingdom

1 Coastline
2 Weather-eroded arches
3 Water eroded arches
4 Cave erosion
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links

[edit] Coastline

On coasts this can form two different types of arch depending on the geology. On discordant coastlines or Atlantic Coastlines, rock types run at 90° to the coast depending on the headlands form when . Wave refraction concentrates the wave energy on the headland, and the arch forms when caves break through the headland, e.g., London Bridge in Victoria, Australia. When these eventually collapse they form stacks and stumps. On concordant coastlines or Pacific coastlines, rock types run parallel to the coastline, with weak rock (such as shale) protected by stronger rock (such as limestone) the wave action breaks through the strong rock and then erodes the weak rock very quickly. Good examples of this are at Durdle Door (illustration, above) and Stair Hole near Lulworth Cove on the Dorset Jurassic Coast in south England, although these are on an area of concordant coastline. When Stair hole eventually collapses it will form a cove.

[edit] Weather-eroded arches

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Deep cracks penetrate into a sandstone layer.
Erosion wears away exposed rock layers and enlarges the surface cracks, isolating narrow sandstone walls, or fins.
Alternating frosts and thawing cause crumbling and flaking of the porous sandstone and eventually cut through some of the fins.
The resulting holes become enlarged to arch proportions by rockfalls and weathering. Arches eventually collapse, leaving only buttresses that in time will erode.

Many of these arches are found within Arches National Park in Utah.

Image:Delicate Arch LaSalle.jpg

Delicate Arch, Utah, USA

[edit] Water eroded arches

Some natural bridges may look like arches, but they form in the path of streams that wear away and penetrate the rock. Pothole arches form by chemical weathering as water collects in natural depressions and eventually cuts through to the layer below.

Natural Bridges National Monument is a superb place to view these bridges.

[edit] Cave erosion

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London Arch, formerly "London Bridge" in Victoria, Australia

Natural bridges can form from natural limestone caves, where paired sinkholes collapse and a ridge of stone is left standing in between, with the cave passageway connecting from sinkhole to sinkhole.

Like all rock formations, natural bridges are subject to continued erosion, and will eventually collapse and disappear. One example of this was the double-arched Victorian coastal rock formation, London Bridge which lost an arch after storms increased erosion. London Bridge before it did collapse

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Natural stone arch in Tirumala - Tirupati, India

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Natural Bridge National Historic Landmark in Virginia