Montpellier

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 43°36′43″N, 3°52′38″E

Montpellier (Occitan Montpelhièr) is a city in the south of France. It is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon région, as well as the préfecture (administrative capital) of the Hérault département. The population of the city (commune) of Montpellier at the 1999 census was 225,300 inhabitants, whereas the whole metropolitan area (in French: aire urbaine) had a population of 459,916 inhabitants in 1999. As of February 2004 estimates, the population of the city of Montpellier reached 244,700 inhabitants, meaning a 1.7% population growth per year between 1999 and 2004. The estimated population of the metropolitan area is 531,000 inhabitants in 2007.

[edit] Geography

The city is situated on hilly ground 10 km (6 miles) inland from the Mediterranean coast on the River Lez. The name of the city, originally Monspessulanus, is said to have stood for mont pelé (the naked hill, because the vegetation was poor), or le mont de la colline (the mount of the hill)

[edit] History

For the Ecclesiastical history of Montpellier see Bishopric of Montpellier

Montpellier is one of the few cities in France without a (Gallo-)Roman background.

[edit] Medieval period

In the Early Middle Ages the nearby episcopal town of Maguelone was the major settlement in the area, but raids by penices encouraged settlement a little further inland. Montpellier, first mentioned in a document of 985, was founded under a local feudal dynasty, the Guillem counts of Toulouse, who joined together two hamlets, built a castle and walls around the settlement. The two surviving towers of the city walling, the Tour des Pins and the Tour de la Babotte are later in date, however. Montpellier came to prominence in the 10th century as a trading centre, with trading links across the Mediterranean world and a rich Jewish cultural life and traditions of tolerance of its Muslims, Jews and Cathars— and later of its Protestants. William VII of Montpellier established a faculty of medicine in 1180, recognised by Pope Nicholas IV; the city's university was established in 1220 and was one of the chief centers for the teaching of medicine. This marked the high point of Montpellier's prominence. The city became a possession of the kings of Aragon in 1213 by the marriage of Peter II of Aragon with Marie of Montpellier, who brought the city as her dowry. Montpellier gained a charter in 1204 when Peter and Marie confirmed the city's traditional freedoms and granted the city the right to choose twelve governing consuls annually. Montpellier remained a possession of the crown of Aragon until it passed to James III of Majorca, who sold the city to the French king Philip VI in 1349, to raise funds for his ongoing struggle with Peter IV of Aragon. In the 14th century, Montpellier gained a church (not yet a cathedral) dedicated to Saint Peter, noteworthy for its very unusual porch supported by two high, somewhat rocket-like towers. With its importance steadily increasing, the city finally gained a bishop, who moved from Maguelone in 1536 and sat in the neighbouring community of Montpelliéret (eventually absorbed into Montpellier proper). In 1432, Jacques Coeur established himself in the city and it became an important economic centre, until 1481 when Marseille took over this role.

[edit] After the Reformation

At the time of the Reformation in the 16th century, many of its inhabitants became Protestants (or Huguenots as they were known in France) and it became a stronghold of Protestant resistance to the (mainly Catholic) French crown. In 1622, King Louis XIII besieged the city and took it after eight months, building the citadel to secure it. Louis XIV made Montpellier capital of Bas Languedoc, and the town started to embellish itself, by building the Promenade du Peyrou, the Esplanade and a large number of houses in the historic centre. After the French Revolution, the city became the capital of the much smaller Hérault.

[edit] Modern history

During the 19th century the city developed into an industrial centre. In the 1960s, its population grew dramatically after French settlers in Algeria were resettled in the city following Algeria's independence from France. In the 1980s and 1990s, the city drew attention with a number of major redevelopment projects, such as the Corum and especially the Antigone District.

[edit] Lords of Montpellier

Main article: Lords of Montpellier

• William I of Montpellier (d. 1019)
• William II of Montpellier (d. 1025)
• William III of Montpellier (d. 1058)
• William IV of Montpellier (d. 1068)
• William V of Montpellier (d. 1120)
• William VI of Montpellier (d. 1149)
• William VII of Montpellier (d. 1179)
• William VIII of Montpellier (d. 1202)
• Marie of Montpellier (d. 1219)
  • and King Peter II of Aragon (d. 1213)
• James I of Aragon (d. 1276)
• James II of Majorca (d. 1311)

[edit] University

The University of Montpellier is one of the oldest in France, having been granted a charter in 1220 by Cardinal Conrad von Urach and confirmed by Pope Nicholas IV in a papal bull of 1289. It was suppressed during the French Revolution but was re-established in 1896. It is not known exactly at what date the schools of literature were founded which developed into the Montpellier faculty of arts; it may be that they were a direct continuation of the Gallo-Roman schools. The school of law was founded by Placentinus, a doctor from Bologna university, who came to Montpellier in 1160, taught there during two different periods, and died there in 1192. The school of medicine was founded perhaps by a graduate of the Spanish medical schools; it is certain that, as early as 1137, there were excellent physicians at Montpellier. The statutes given in 1220 by Cardinal Conrad, legate of Honorius III, which were completed in 1240 by Pierre de Conques, placed this school under the direction of the Bishop of Maguelonne. Pope Nicholas IV issued a Bull in 1289, combining all the schools into a university, which was placed under the direction of the bishop, but which in fact enjoyed a large measure of autonomy.

Theology was at first taught in the convents, in which St. Anthony of Padua, Raymond Lullus, and the Dominican Bernard de la Treille lectured. Two letters of King John prove that a faculty of theology existed at Montpellier independently of the convents, in January, 1350. By a Bull of 17 December, 1421, Martin V granted canonical institution to this faculty and united it closely with the faculty of law. In the sixteenth century the faculty of theology disappeared for a time, when Calvinism, in the reign of Henry II of France, held complete possession of the city. It resumed its functions after Louis XIII had reestablished the royal power at Montpellier in 1622; but the rivalries of Dominicans and Jesuits interfered seriously with the prosperity of the faculty, which disappeared at the Revolution. The faculty numbered among its illustrious pupils of law Petrarch, who spent four years at Montpellier, and among its lecturers Guillaume de Nogaret, chancellor to Philip the Fair, Guillaume de Grimoard, afterwards pope under the name of Urban V, and Pedro de Luna, antipope as Benedict XIII. But after the fifteenth century this faculty fell into decay, as did also the faculty of arts, although for a time, under Henry IV of France, the latter faculty had among its lecturers Casaubon. The Montpellier school of medicine owed its success to the ruling of the Guilhems, lords of the town, by which any licensed physician might lecture there; there was no fixed limit to the number of teachers, lectures were multiplied, and there was a great wealth of teaching. Rabelais took his medical degrees at Montpellier. It was in this school that the biological theory of vitalism, elaborated by Barthez (1734-1806), had its origin. The French Revolution did not interrupt the existence of the faculty of medicine. The faculties of science and of letters were re-established in 1810; that of law in 1880. It was on the occasion of the sixth centenary of the university, celebrated in 1889, that the Government of France announced its intention -- which has since been realized -- of reorganizing the provincial universities in France.

[edit] Notable sights

• The main focus point of the city is the Place de la Comédie.
• The Musée Fabre
• In the historic centre, a significant number of Hôtels can be found.
• A fine botanical garden, the first in France, founded in 1593
• The 14th century cathedral of Saint-Pierre.
• The Porte du Peyrou, a triumphal arch
• The Aqueduc Saint-Clément
• The Antigone District and other housing projects have been designed by the architect Ricardo Bofill from Catalonia, Spain
• A number of châteaux, so-called follies, built by wealthy merchants surround the city

[edit] Transport

Montpellier is served by railway, including TGV trains. The Montpellier-Méditerranée Airport is located in the area of Fréjorgues, in the town of Mauguio, southeast of Montpellier. The TaM (Transports de l'agglomération de Montpellier) manages the city's public transportation, including its tramway network and several parking facilities. Line 2 of the Montpellier tram systems was officially opened on Saturday, December 16 2006 with bands, singers, jugglers, fireworks and a weekend of free tram travel. The new line of 19.8km route serves five communes and expects to carry 52,000 passengers a day. Starting in Jacou on the northeast side of the city, in a copse of conifers, the line goes SW though the city centre and passes the train station to St Jean de Védas on the southwest of the town. There are plenty of parking sites along the line which crosses Line 1 at St Roch station, Place de l'Europe and again in front of the Corum. Work on Line 3, which is planned to be in service by 2010, will start in the spring of 2007. This 22.4 km line will link Juvenac and Perols with a branch to Lattes and will serve 32 stations.

[edit] Sport

Montpellier was the finish of Stage 11 and the departure of Stage 12 in the 2007 Tour de France. The city is home to a variety of professional sports teams:

• Montpellier HSC of Ligue 2 who play association football at the Stade de la Mosson
• Montpellier Hérault RC, of the Top 14 who play rugby union at the Stade Sabathé
• Montpellier Vipers of France's Division 1 Ice Hockey Federation, play at the Patinoire de l'Agglomération de Montpellier at Odysseum
• Montpellier Water Polo is playing in the National League and European Cup competitions.

[edit] Culture

The Festival de Radio France et Montpellier is a summer festival of opera and music held in Montpellier. The music festival concentrates on classical music and jazz with about 100 events, including opera, concerts, films, and talks. Most of these events are free and are held in the historic courtyards of the city or the modern concert halls of Le Corum. Le Corum cultural and conference centre contains 3 auditoriums; the Berlioz Opera, which has 2,010 seats, the Pasteur, which has 745 seats, and the Einstein, which has 318 seats. There are also reception and exhibition areas and meeting rooms.

[edit] Twin cities

Montpellier is twinned with:

• Image:Flag of the United States.svg Lakewood, Ohio, United States, since 1918
• Image:Flag of the United States.svg Louisville, Kentucky, United States, since 1955
• Image:Flag of Germany.svg Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, since 1961
• Image:Flag of Spain.svg Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain since 1963
• Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Chengdu, Sichuan, China, since 1981
• Image:Flag of Israel.svg Tiberias, Israel, since 1983
• Image:Flag of Morocco.svg Fes, Morocco since 2003
• Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Glasgow, Scotland, UK since 2006

[edit] Famous inhabitants of Montpellier

Montpellier was the birthplace of:

• Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne (c.1110-1179), rabbi and author of the halakhic work Ha-Eshkol.
• Saint Roch (1295-1327), pilgrim to Rome, venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church
• Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), botanist, founder of the concept of plant families
• Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès (1753-1824), lawyer and statesman, author of the Code Napoléon
• Guillaume Mathieu, comte Dumas (1753-1837), military leader
• Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a founder of the discipline of sociology
• Antoine Jerome Balard (1802-1876), chemist
• Émile Saisset (1814-1863), philosopher
• Charles Bernard Renouvier (1815-1903), philosopher
• Édouard Albert Roche (1820-1883), astronomer
• Alfred Bruyas (1821-1876), art collector
• Alexandre Cabanel (1823-1889), painter
• Frédéric Bazille (1841-1870), Impressionist painter
• Léo Malet (1909-1996), crime novelist
• Jeanne Demessieux (1921-1968), organist, pianist, composer, and pedagogue

Other famous inhabitants include:

• François Rabelais (1493-1553) was a student at the University of Montpellier
• Nostradamus (1503-1566) was a student at the University of Montpellier
• Jean-Louis Michel (1785 – 1865), fencing master, who lived in Montpellier from 1830 onwards

[edit] Sources and references

• Lewis, Archibald. "The Guillems of Montpellier: A Sociological Appraisal", 1971.
• Catholic Encyclopedia Montpellier

[edit] External links

• Official web site
• A visitor in Montpellier - from The Official Francis Hannaway Website (In English and French)
• Montpellier and the South of France (Muslimheritage.com)
• People of Montpellier (In French)
• Photos of Montpellier
• Other photos of Montpellier
• Allégories, public art in Montpellier
• Some more photos of Montpellier (In French)
• Snows at Montpellier
• 152 photos from Montpellier and Surroundings
• Additional photos of Montpellier

af:Montpellier ar:مونبيلييه an:Montpeller br:Montpellier bg:Монпелие ca:Montpeller ceb:Montpellier cs:Montpellier da:Montpellier de:Montpellier el:Μονπελιέ es:Montpellier eo:Montpellier eu:Montpellier fa:مون‌پلیه fr:Montpellier gl:Montpellier ko:몽펠리에 id:Montpellier it:Montpellier he:מונפלייה la:Monspessulanus lv:Monpeljē nl:Montpellier ja:モンペリエ no:Montpellier nn:Montpellier oc:Montpelhièr pl:Montpellier pt:Montpellier ro:Montpellier qu:Montpellier ru:Монпелье scn:Montpellier simple:Montpellier sl:Montpellier sr:Монпеље fi:Montpellier sv:Montpellier vi:Montpellier tr:Montpellier, Fransa vo:Montpellier zh:蒙彼利埃