Xanthine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Xanthine | |
|---|---|
| Image:Xanthin - Xanthine.svg | |
| IUPAC name | 3,7-Dihydro-purine-2,6-dione |
| Other names | 1H-Purine-2,6-diol |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| PubChem | |
| SMILES | O=C1NC(=O)c2[nH]cnc2N1 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C5H4N4O2 |
| Molar mass | 152.111 g/mol |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Melting point |
decomposes |
| Solubility in water | 1 g/ 14.5 L @ 16 °C 1 g/1.4 L @ 100 °C |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references | |
Xanthine (IPA: /ˈzænθiːn, ˈzænθaɪn]/), (3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione), is a purine base found in most body tissues and fluids and in other organisms.
Contents |
[edit] Reactions
Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation.
- It is created from guanine by guanine deaminase.
- It is created from hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase.
Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme.
[edit] Pathology
People with the rare genetic disorder xanthinuria lack sufficient xanthine oxidase and cannot convert xanthine to uric acid.
[edit] Clinical significance of xanthine derivatives
Derivatives of xanthine, known collectively as xanthines, are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in treating the symptoms of asthma. In contrast to other, more potent stimulants, they only inhibit the actions of sleepiness-inducing adenosine, making them far less in effective as stimulants than sympathomimetic amines. Due to widespread effects, the therapeutic range of xanthines is narrow, making them merely a second-line asthma treatment. The therapeutic level is 10-20 micrograms/mL blood; signs of toxicity include tremor, nausea, nervousness, and tachycardia/arrhythmia.
Methylated xanthine derivatives include caffeine, paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine (found mainly in chocolate). These drugs inhibit phosphodiesterase and antagonise adenosine. Xanthines are also found very rarely as constituents of nucleic acids.
[edit] References
- ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 9968.
Psychoanaleptics: psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics (N06B) | |
|---|---|
| Centrally acting sympathomimetics | Amphetamine - Amphetaminil - Atomoxetine - Dexamphetamine - Dextromethamphetamine - Fencamfamin - Fenozolone - Fenetylline - Methylphenidate - Mesocarb - Pemoline - Pipradrol - Prolintane |
| Xanthine derivatives | Caffeine - Propentofylline |
| Racetams | Aniracetam - Oxiracetam - Piracetam - Pramiracetam |
| Eugeroics | Adrafinil - Modafinil |
| Other psychostimulants and nootropics | Acetylcarnitine - Citicoline - Cyprodenate - Idebenone - Deanol - Dimebon - Fipexide - Linopirdine - Meclofenoxate - Nizofenone - Pirisudanol - Pyritinol - Sulbutiamine - Vinpocetine |
Drugs for obstructive airway diseases: asthma/COPD (R03) | |
|---|---|
| Adrenergics, inhalants | Short acting β2-agonists: Salbutamol/Levosalbutamol • Fenoterol • Terbutaline Long acting β2-agonists (LABA): Bambuterol • Clenbuterol • Formoterol • Salmeterol other: Epinephrine • Isoproterenol • Orciprenaline |
| Glucocorticoids | Beclometasone • Budesonide • Ciclesonide • Fluticasone • Mometasone |
| Anticholinergics | Ipratropium • Tiotropium |
| Mast cell stabilizers | Cromoglicate • Nedocromil |
| Xanthines | Aminophylline • Theobromine • Theophylline |
| Leukotriene antagonists | Montelukast • Pranlukast • Zafirlukast |
| Combination products | Budesonide/formoterol • Fluticasone/salmeterol • Ipratropium/salbutamol |
de:Xanthin es:Metilxantina fr:Xanthine gl:Metilxantinas nl:Xanthine ja:キサンチン pl:Ksantyna pt:Xantina zh:黄嘌呤
