Macau

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澳門特別行政區
Região Administrativa Especial de Macau
Macau Special Administrative Region
Image:Flag of Macau.svg Image:COA of Macao.svg
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: March of the Volunteers
Image:Macau Location.png
Capitalnone[1]
Largest freguesia (population) Freguesia de Nossa Senhora de Fátima
Official languages Chinese, Portuguese
Government
 -  Chief Executive Edmund Ho Hau-wah
Establishment
 -  Occupied by Portugal 1557 
 -  Portuguese colony August 13 1862 
 -  Transfer of sovereignty
December 20 1999 
Area
 -  Total 28.6 km² (not ranked)
11.04 sq mi 
 -  Water (%) 0
Population
 -  2007 (1st qtr) estimate 520,400[2] (167th)
 -  2000 census 431,000 
 -  Density 17,310/km² (2nd)
44,784/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2006 estimate
 -  Total US$14.3 billion (139th)
 -  Per capita US$28,853[3] (2006)
HDI (2004) Image:Straight Line Steady.svg0.909[4] (high) (25th)
Currency Macanese pataca (MOP)
Time zone MST (UTC+8)
Internet TLD .mo
Calling code +853
Macau Portal

Coordinates: 22°10′00″N, 113°33′00″E The Macau Special Administrative Region, commonly known as Macau or Macao (Chinese: 澳門), was established on December 20, 1999, as one of the two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Hong Kong. The territory lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province in the north and facing the South China Sea in the east and south. Macau has thriving industries such as textiles, electronics and toys, as well as a notable tourist industry, which boasts a wide range of hotels, resorts, stadiums, restaurants and casinos.

Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover in 1999. Macau was the oldest European colony in China. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Under the policy of "one country, two systems", the Central People's Government is responsible for the territory's defence and foreign affairs, while Macau maintains its own legal system, police force, monetary system, customs policy, immigration policy, and delegates to international organisations and events.

Contents

[edit] Etymology

Main article: Names of Macau

Before the Portuguese settlement in the early 16th century, Macau was known as Haojing (Oyster Mirror) or Jinghai (Mirror Sea).[5] The name "Macau" (Portuguese pronunciation IPA: [mɐ.'kaw]) is thought to be derived from the Templo de A-Má, a temple built in 1448 dedicated to Matsu - the goddess of seafarers and fishermen. It is said that when the Portuguese sailors landed at the coast just outside the temple and asked the name of the place, the natives replied "A-Ma-Gao" (i.e. Bay of A-Ma). The Portuguese then named the peninsula Macau.[6]

[edit] History

Main article: History of Macau

[edit] Early period

During the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), the region now called Macau came under the jurisdiction of Panyu County, Nanhai Prefecture of the province of Guangdong. It was administratively part of Dongguan Prefecture in the Jin Dynasty (265-420 AD), and alternated under the control of Nanhai and Dongguan in later dynasties. In 1152, during the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD), it was under the jurisdiction of the new Xiangshan County.[5]

Since the 5th century, merchant ships traveling between Southeast Asia and Guangzhou used the region as a way stop for refuge, fresh water, and food. The first recorded inhabitants of the area are some 50,000 people seeking refuge in Macau from invading Mongols in 1277, during the Southern Song Dynasty.[7] Later in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD), fishermen migrated to Macau from various parts of Guangdong and Fujian provinces and built the A-Ma Temple where they prayed for safety on the sea. The Hoklo Boat people were the first to show interest in Macau as a trading center for the southern provinces. However, Macau did not develop as a major settlement until the Portuguese arrived in the 16th century.[7]

[edit] Sixteenth to nineteenth centuries

Image:Jesuites en chine.jpg
The mission of the Jesuits used Macau as a point of departure & formation during 16th century.
Image:MacauPortoInterior1900.jpg
The Interior Port of Macau 1900
Image:Treaty of Peking1887.jpg
The Treaty of Peking 1887
Image:Lisbonagreement.jpg
Sino-Portuguese Draft (Lisbon Agreement 1887)

The Portuguese settlement began in early 16th century. In 1535, the Portuguese traders obtained by bribing the right to anchor ships in Macau's harbours and the right to carry out trading activities, though not the right to stay onshore. Around 1552-1553, they obtained a temporary permission to erect storage sheds onshore, in order to dry out goods drenched by sea water. They later built some rudimentary stone-houses around the area now called Nam Van. But not until 1557 did the Portuguese establish a permanent settlement in Macau, at an annal rent of 500 tael of silver.[8]

Fortifications and a church were the first buildings to be constructed after the settlement. In 1580, Macau was established as an episcopal see by Pope Gregory XIII and 13 bishops were consecrated. Portugal officially leased the territory in 1670, although there was no transfer of sovereignty. Macau prospered as a port but was the target of repeated attempts by the Dutch to conquer it in the 17th century. Following the Opium War (1839-42), Portugal occupied Taipa and Coloane in 1851 and 1864 respectively. In 1887, the Qing government was forced to sign the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Amity and Commerce, under which China ceded to Portugal the right of "perpetual occupation and government of Macau"; conversely, Portugal pledged to seek China's approval before transferring Macau to another country.[5]

[edit] Twentieth century

Main article: Transfer of the sovereignty of Macau

After the Qing Dynasty was overthrown following the Xinhai Revolution, in 1928 the Kuomintang government officially notified Portugal that it was abrogating the former treaty,[5] and in its place the Sino-Portuguese Friendship and Trade Treaty was signed. Making only a few provisions concerning tariff principles and matters relating to business affairs, the treaty failed to mention the question with regard to the sovereignty of Macau. Consequently, the situation of Portuguese occupation and government of Macau remained unchanged.[8] After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Beijing government declared the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Amity and Commerce to be invalid as an “unequal treaty” imposed by foreigners on China. However, Beijing was not ready to settle the treaty question, leaving the maintenance of “the status quo” until a more appropriate time.[8] Nevertheless, clashes between the Chinese government and the Portuguese authority in Macau arose from time to time.

Image:Portuguese Government of Macau flag.gif
Flag formerly used under the Portuguese rule.
Image:Macau.PNG
Coat of arms formerly used under the Portuguese rule

In 1966, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in mainland China, a more serious riot broke out in Macau. In November, local residents tried to obtain a licence for a private school in Taipa Island. After being rejected many times they went ahead and started building without permits. On November 15, Portuguese police arrested the school officials and beat construction workers, residents, and press reporters.[9] As a result, more protests led by teachers and students followed. On December 3, the government ordered them to be arrested. This stirred up the anger of the general public; more people came to protest and later turned to violence. Portuguese solders were called in and martial law was declared. Eleven people were killed and 200 injured. The incident is often referred to as the 12-3 incident with reference to the date of the riots.[10]

The incident angered the locals and they adopted a "three no's" approach as a means to continue their struggle with the Government — no taxes, no service, no selling to the Portuguese.[10] They were successful and on January 28, 1967 the Portuguese government of Macau signed a statement of apology.[10] This marked the beginning of equal treatment and recognition of Chinese identity and of de facto Chinese control of the colony, as an official apology underlined the fact that after 1949, administration of Macau continued only at the behest of the mainland Communist government.[10]

After the leftist military coup of 1974, the now democratic Portuguese government was determined to relinquish all its overseas possessions, but the People's Republic of China did not favor Macau's immediate return to Chinese sovereignty and asked Portugal to continue to administer it. In 1976, Lisbon redefined Macau as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration," and granted it a large measure of administrative, financial and economic autonomy.[11] The Chinese Government stated on many occasions that Macau has always been Chinese territory and the issue left by history should be settled through negotiations when conditions were ripe.

Portugal and the People's Republic of China agreed in 1979 to regard Macau as "a Chinese territory under (temporary) Portuguese administration". Negotiations between the Chinese and Portuguese governments on the question of Macau started in June 1986. In 1987, an international treaty, known as the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration, was signed to make Macau a Special Administrative Region of the PRC.[12] In 1998, Chinese (Cantonese) was given official status and the same legal power as Portuguese, the official language. The Chinese government assumed sovereignty over Macau on December 20, 1999, ending 329 years of Portuguese official rule. It was the last European colony in Asia.

[edit] Government and politics

Main articles: Politics of Macau, One country, two systems, and Legal system of Macau
Image:特首辦.jpg
The headquarters of Macau Government
Image:Almacau.JPG
The Legislative Assembly of Macau

The status of Macau since reverting to the sovereignty of the People's Republic of China on 20 December 1999 is defined in the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law, Macau's constitution promulgated by China's National People's Congress in 1993. The Joint Declaration and the Basic Law specify that Macau's social and economic system, lifestyle, rights, and freedoms are to remain unchanged for at least 50 years.

Under the principle of "one country, two systems" articulated in the Basic Law, Macau enjoys a high degree of autonomy in all areas except in defence and foreign affairs. Macau officials, rather than PRC officials, run Macau through the exercise of separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers, as well as the right to final adjudication.[13] Macau maintains its own separate currency, customs territory, immigration and border controls, and police force.[14][15] According to surveys examined recently by Transparency International 2006, the Government of Macau is perceived to have one of the least corrupt public sectors among Asian nations or territories. Macau ranked number 4 in Asia and number 26 worldwide, with Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore joining Macau as the only Asian states ranking among the top 30 nations or territories. On the other hand, Asia's largest nations - People's Republic of China, India, and Indonesia - all ranked low among the 163 ranked nations and territories.[16]

The Macau government is headed by the chief executive, who is appointed by the People's Republic of China's central government upon the recommendation of an election committee, whose 300 members are nominated by corporate and community bodies. The recommendation is made by an election within the committee.[17] The chief executive's cabinet comprise five policy secretaries, namely the Secretariat for Administration and Justice, the Secretariat for Economy and Finance, the Secretariat for Security, the Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture, and the Secretariat for Transport and Public Works.[5] The chief executive is advised by the Executive Council that has between 7 and 11 members. Edmund Ho Hau Wah, a community leader and former banker, is the first chief executive of the Macau SAR, replacing General Vasco Rocha Vieira at midnight on December 20, 1999. Ho is currently serving his second term of office.

The legislative organ of the territory is the Legislative Assembly, a 29-member body comprising 12 directly elected members, 10 indirectly elected members representing functional constituencies and 7 members appointed by the chief executive.[18] The Legislative Assembly is responsible for lawmaking, and like many other legislatures, it has power to impeach the chief executive. It also has power to amend the method of electing the chief executive after 2009. However, in practice, the ability of the legislature to initiate legislation is limited, although it plays a role in shaping legislation. The democratic infrastructure of Macau SAR remains powerless, and there is little public pressure for democratisation.[19]

Image:Macau AL Meeting Room.jpg
The meeting room, Legislative Assembly of Macau

Any permanent residents at or over 18 years of age are eligible to vote in direct elections in Macau. For indirect election, it is only limited to organisations registered as "corporate voters" and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organisations, and central governmental bodies.

In order to implement the principle of high degree of autonomy, the provision made by the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration requires that the basic and original framework of the legal system of Macau must be preserved for at least 50 years after 20 December, 1999.[20] The legal system is based largely on Portuguese law or Portuguese civil law system. The territory has its own independent judicial system, with a high court. Judges are selected by a committee and appointed by the chief executive. Foreign judges may serve on the courts.[21] In July 1999 the chief executive Edmund Ho appointed a seven-person committee to select judges for the SAR. Twenty-four judges were recommended by the committee and were then appointed by Edmund Ho. Macau has a three-tier court system:[22] the Court of the First Instance, the Court of the Second Instance and the Court of Final Appeal (Macau's highest court).

No district court is established because of the limited geographical size of the region. However, administrative courts are additionally created. These are special lower courts for handling administrative, taxation and customs cases and act as the Court of the First Instance. Litigants who object to their rulings can appeal to the Court of the Second Instance. The Public Prosecutions Office of the Macau SAR is an independent body headed by the Public Prosecutor-General, who is nominated by the chief executive and appointed by the central government. Other public prosecutors are nominated by the Public Prosecutor-General and appointed by the chief executive. Hence, the Macau SAR prosecution is under strict scrutiny and supervision of the chief executive. Capital punishment and life imprisonment are not imposed in the territory due to the prohibition by the Penal Code of Macau (Article 39).[23][24] Ampliate reformations in Macau's legal system can be seen after handover. A prominent example is using Chinese in courts, in addition to the process of legislation.

[edit] Administrative divisions

Main article: Municipalities of Macau

Macau was formerly divided into two municipalities and seven parishes. Each municipality was run by a municipal council (Portuguese: câmara municipal), with a supervising municipal assembly (Portuguese: assembleia municipal). When Macau was designated a "Special Administrative Region" (SAR), the municipalities were abolished and the parishes were voided of administrative functions. In their place is a new administrative body, the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau (Portuguese: Instituto para os Assuntos Cívicos e Municipais), under the Secretariat for Administration and Justice (Portuguese: Secretaria da Administração e Justiça) of the SAR government.[25][26] The parishes are still officially recognized but only symbolically.

[edit] Geography

Main article: Geography of Macau
Image:Macau-CIA WFB Map.png
Map of Macau

Macau is situated 60 kilometres (37 miles) southwest of Hong Kong and 145 kilometres (90 miles) from Guangzhou. It consists of the peninsula itself and the islands of Taipa and Coloane. The peninsula is formed by the Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary on the east and the Xijiang (West River) on the west. It borders the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone in mainland China. The main border crossing between Macau and China is known as the Portas do Cerco (Barrier Gate) Frontier Checkpoint on the Macau side, and the Gongbei checkpoint on the Zhuhai side.

The Macau peninsula was originally an island, but gradually a connecting sandbar turned into a narrow isthmus. Land reclamation in the seventeenth century transformed Macau into a peninsula with generally flat terrain, though numerous steep hills still mark the original land mass. With a dense urban environment, Macau has no arable land, pastures, forest, or woodland. As a result, Macau's people traditionally have looked to the sea for their livelihood.

Macau has a humid subtropical climate. Seasonal climate is greatly influenced by the monsoons and therefore temperature difference between summer and winter is significant. The average annual temperature of Macau is 22.3 °C.[27] July is the warmest month, with average monthly temperature being 28.6 °C (daytime temperatures are usually above 30 °C). The coolest month is January, with average monthly temperature 14.5 °C (occasionally temperature drops below 10 °C). Located in the coastal region of south the People's Republic of China, Macau has ample rainfall, with average annual precipitation being 2,030 millimetres.[28] However, winter is mostly dry due to the monsoon from mainland China. Humidity is high with an average range between 75% and 90%. The best season in Macau is autumn (i.e. October - December), when days are sunny and warm and the humidity is low. Winter (i.e. January - March) is relatively cold but sunny. In spring (i.e. start from April), the humidity starts to increase and in summer (i.e. May to September) the climate is warm to hot and humid with rain and occasional typhoons.

Weather averages for Macau
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 18 (64) 18 (64) 21 (70) 24 (75) 28 (82) 31 (88) 32 (90) 32 (90) 30 (86) 28 (82) 24 (75) 19 (66) 25.4 (78)
Average low °C (°F) 13 (55) 13 (55) 16 (61) 20 (68) 24 (75) 26 (79) 27 (81) 27 (81) 26 (79) 23 (73) 18 (64) 14 (57) 20.5 (69)
Precipitation mm (inch) 32.4 (1.3) 58.8 (2.3) 82.5 (3.2) 217.4 (8.6) 361.9 (14.2) 339.7 (13.4) 289.8 (11.4) 351.6 (13.8) 194.1 (7.6) 116.9 (4.6) 42.6 (1.7) 35.2 (1.4) 2,122.9 (83.6)
Source: WMO - Macau[29] 12.11.2007

[edit] Economy

Main articles: Economy of Macau, Foreign relations of Macau, and Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
Image:Nightview of mtower.jpg
Macau Tower at night.

Macau's economy is based largely on tourism, much of it geared toward gambling. In view of Macau's small population and limited land resources, the Government of Macau has launched a policy of close cooperation with the Pearl River Delta and the neighbouring Guangdong province while expanding trade contacts with the rest of the world. Other chief economic activities in Macau are export-geared textile and garment manufacturing, banking and other financial services. The clothing industry has provided about three quarters of export earnings, and the gaming, tourism and hospitality industry is estimated to contribute more than 50% of Macau's GDP, and 70% of Macau government revenue. Macau is a founding member of the WTO and has a representative office at the organisation's headquarters in Geneva. Market-opening pledges largely in the sphere of financial services has been made at the WTO[30] and Macau has maintained sound economic and trade relations with more than 120 countries and regions with European Union and Portuguese-speaking countries in particular. Macau currently participates in the IMF.[31] and the World Bank classifies it as a high income economy along with developed economies and some developing economies as Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.[32] The average growth rate of economy in Macau between 2001 and 2006 were approximately 13.1% annually. In last two quarters of 2006, the GDP of Macao grew by 22.05%. The GDP per capita in 2006 was USD $28,436. In the fourth quarter of 2006, the unemployment rate stood at 3.5%.[33]

Employed population by occupation
2007[34]
Occupation no. ('000)
Senior officials/managers 14.6
Professionals 9.9
Technicians 28.1
Clerks 83.7
Service & sale workers 63.2
Workers in agriculture/fishery 0.8
Craft & similar workers 33.7

From 9.1 million visitors in 2000, arrivals to Macau has grown to 18.7 million visitors in 2005,[35] 21.98 million visitors in 2006 and is expected to receive between 24 and 25 million visitors in 2007,[36] with over 50% of the arrivals coming from mainland China. This recent growth has been driven by gambling and related tourism. Tourists from Hong Kong remain numerous, representing about 30% of arrivals. Since the 1999 return to Chinese rule, Triad underworld violence, a dark spot on the economy, has virtually disappeared, to the benefit of the tourism sector. Macau also received the Future Award 2007, for being regarded the most promising future tourism destination in Asia, voted by 26,000 German travel trade members of GoAsia; an association that includes tour operators, airline companies, among many others.[37] Macau is currently rated as one of the world's top tourism destinations by the World Tourism Organisation.[38]

Image:Sands.JPG
Sands Macau

Since 1850, gambling has been licensed and has always been an important source of earning for the government. In the early 1960s, gambling provided 50 percent of official revenue. Starting in 1962, the gambling industry had been operated under a government-issued monopoly license by Stanley Ho's Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau. The monopoly was ended in 2002, and several casino owners from Las Vegas attempted to enter the market. With the opening of the Sands Macau, the largest casino in the world as measured by total number of table games,[39][40] in 2004 and Wynn Macau[41] in 2006, gambling revenues from Macau's casinos were for the first time greater than those of Las Vegas Strip (each about $6 billion),[42][43] making Macau the highest-volume gambling centre in the world.[44] In 2007, The Venetian Macau, the second largest building in the world, opened its doors to the public. Other casinos and hotels slated to be opened through 2009 are: Four Seasons (2008), MGM Grand Macau (2007), Ponte 16 (2007), Far East Consortium Complex (2007), Grand Hyatt (2009), Galaxy Cotai Megaresort (2008), City of Dreams (2008), Oceanus (2008), Mandarin Oriental (2009). The first Phase of Macau's Cotai Strip is scheduled to open in 2007 and will include 19,000 guest rooms throughout seven resort hotels,[45] with the $1.8 billion Venetian Macao serving as the anchor.[46] The head of Virgin Group Sir Richard Branson is in the latter stage of negotiation to secure land in Macau, where he is going to set up a US$3 billion casino resort complex.[47] As a result, Macau's economy is growing rapidly due to gambling related tourism and construction from the new casino entrants. Macau is still the only place in the People's Republic of China where casinos are legal.

Macao Grand Lisboa200712.jpg

Macao Grand Lisboa

MGMGrandMacauBack1.jpg

MGM Grand Macau

Macau Wynn No Smoking Mo707.JPG

Wynn Macau

The Venetian Macao Interior1.jpg

Venetian Macao


Along with Bermuda, British Virgin Islands or Bahamas, Macau is one of the best known offshore financial centres[48] and tax havens in a worldwide sense.[49] Banco Nacional Ultramarino, Bank of China, Seng Heng Bank and Tai Fung Bank are among the most influential banks. There are also many foreign banks registered and established in Macau as well, including Bank of America - Macau and HSBC - Macau. Macau is a free port with low-taxes and free from foreign exchange control regime.[50] Operations of offshore service businesses are feasible in Macau because of related offshore law that has been in effect since 1999. The offshore finance business is regulated and supervised by the Monetary Authority of Macao,[51] while the regulation and supervision of the offshore non-finance business is mainly controlled by the Macau Trade and Investment Promotion Institute.[52] Moody's Investors Service upgraded Macau's foreign and local currency government issuer ratings to 'Aa3' from 'A1', citing its government's solid finances as a large net creditor. The rating agency also upgraded Macau's foreign currency bank deposit ceiling to 'Aa3' from 'A1'.[53]

[edit] Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Macau, Religion of Macau, and Immigration to Macau
Image:Macau Avenida da Amizade New Yaohan.JPG
Avenida da Amizade
Image:Bnu-tower01.jpg
Macau Centre (Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro)
Population development
in Macau
(Est. since 2000)[54]
Year Population (approx.) % ±
2000 431,500 0.44
2001 436,700 1.11
2002 441,600 0.97
2003 427,500 1.40
2004 465,300 3.57
2005 488,100 4.68
2006 508,500 6.02

Macau is one of the most densely populated regions in the world[55], with a population density of 16,521 persons per square kilometre.

95% of Macau's population is Chinese, primarily Cantonese, Fujianese as well as some Hakka, Shanghainese and overseas Chinese from Southeast Asia (mostly Vietnam and some from Thailand and Philippines) and elsewhere. There is a large population of Burmese people as well. The rest are of Portuguese descent and there are Filipino and Thai migrant workers in small proportions. Many Portuguese and Macanese (locally born Portuguese, some are of Chinese descent) left Macau after it was handed over to China in 1999. The growth of population in Macau mainly relies on immigrants from mainland China and the influx of overseas workers, since its birth rate is one of the lowest in the world. The population of Macau is estimated to be 508,500 according to 2006 second quarter figures from the Macau SAR Government statistics).

Both Chinese (Cantonese) and Portuguese are Macau's official languages. Other languages such as Mandarin, English and Hokkien are also spoken by some local communities. English is widely taught in schools, though students from schools which use English as a medium of instruction generally have better grasps of the language. English is also a medium of instruction in most tertiary education establishments except, of course, in language subjects. Since Macau's economy depends heavily on tourism and trade, English has become Macau's de facto "lingua franca" among its different ethnic communities.

The Macanese language, which is generally known as Patuá, is a distinctive Creole that is still spoken by several dozen Macanese, an ethnic group of mixed Asian and Portuguese ancestry that accounts for about two per cent of Macau's population.

Lanuages used in Macau
2001 census [56]
Languages %
Cantonese 87.9
Hokkien 4.4
Mandarin 1.6
Other Chinese dialects 3.1
Other (Portuguese incl.) 3

The work force in Macau SAR is mainly composed of manufacturing; construction; wholesale and retail trade, repair, hotels and restaurants; financial services, real estate, and other business activities; public administration, other communities, social and personal services, including gaming; transport, storage and communications. The number of Chinese from Mainland China working in Macau as imported foreign laborers stood at 37,357 in 2006, representing 57.7% of the region's imported workers.[57] According to a recent survey conducted by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Macau is among the top 10 countries/regions with the highest life expectancies[58] at birth in the world. Its birth rate,[59] total fertility rate[60] and infant mortality rate[61] rank among the lowest in the world.

Most local people believe in Chinese folk religion, which includes the faiths of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and the folk gods and goddesses (especially Kuan Yin and Matsu) like other Chinese communities. There are around forty to fifty temples of various sizes in Macau, mostly built hundreds of years ago, with some dated back to the 15th century. In certain occasions one can find out that Kuan Yin or the images of Buddha and other gods or xoanons from the sphere of Taoism might appear within the same temple. The most famous ones are the Kun Iam Temple, the A-Ma Temple and, in particular, the Lotus Temple. Built in 1592, the Lotus Temple has a history of over four hundred years.

Macau became a hub not only of trade in Asia, but also of Christianity, with the Jesuit missionaries' Basilica de São Paulo set up as the greatest marker to Christianity in East Asia. The Catholic Diocese of Macau was established on 23 January, 1576. The first bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Macau was D. Belchior Carneiro. The first Chinese bishop was Domingos Lam. The present bishop is D. José Lai, who is the first native-born Chinese bishop in Macau. About 15% of Macau's population is Catholic.[62] The Catholic Church in Macau recognizes the Pope as the head of the Church. A new coadjutor bishop for the Macau diocese was appointed by Vatican in June, 2003. Christianity is a legacy of Portuguese rule. Macau was also the first station of the Protestant church[63] for mission in China.

[edit] Healthcare

Main article: List of hospitals in Macau

Macau is served by one major public hospital, Hospital Conde S. Januário, one university hospital at the Macau University of Science and Technology, the MUST Hospital (the first hospital to be located in Cotai), as well as a major private hospital, the Hospital Kiang Wu, which is currently (2007-8) being enlarged. For the time being, none of the Macau hospitals is independently assessed through international healthcare accreditation. Currently there is no western-style medical school in Macau and thus all indigenous physicians who would like to practise in Macau have to first qualify outside. Nurses are trained at the Macau Polytechnic Institute[64] and the College of Nursing at Kiang Wu.[65] Currently there are no training courses in midwifery in Macau either. Macau also has a large selection of health care centres; namely Areia Preta Health Centre, Coloane Health Centre, Macau Oriental Health Centre, North Health Centre, Porto Interior Health Centre, S. Lourenco Health Centre and Taipa Health Centre. All of the health centres in Macau provide free basic medical care to residents. Consultation in traditional Chinese medicine from one of the health centres above mentioned is also available.[66]

The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was established in 2001 after an outbreak of dengue fever. It monitors the operation of health centres and the public health service, primary health care, support laboratories, the blood centre, and public and private hospitals in Macau. It also handles the organisation of care and prevention of diseases affecting the population, sets guidelines for hospitals and private health care providers, and issues licences.[67] The Health Bureau in Macau is mainly responsible for coordinating the activities between the public and private organizations in the area of public health, and assure the health of citizens through specialized and primary health care services, as well as disease prevention and health promotion.[68]

The main statistical indicators of health care in Macau shown below:[69]

Year No. of residents
per physician 		No. of residents
per nurse 		No. of residents
per hospital bed 		Diseases of the
circulatory system (No. & %) 		Neoplasm (No. & %) Diseases of the
respiratory system (No. & %)
2002 503 450 463 430 & 30.4 440 & 31.1 215 & 15.2
2003 468 442 465 477 & 32.4 421 & 28.6 216 & 14.7
2004 452 435 470 447 & 29.2 477 & 31.1 243 & 15.9
2005 469 427 492 518 & 32.1 455 & 28.2 267 & 16.5
2006 447 424 524 381 & 24.3 525 & 33.5 217 & 13.9

[edit] Culture

Main article: Culture of Macau
Image:Grand Prix Museum 50815 03.jpg
The Grand Prix Museum in Macau
Image:Macau ZAPE Macao Cultural Centre.JPG
Macao Cultural Centre
Image:Igreja de Sao Agostinho.jpg
Igreja de Santo Agostinho.

The mixing of Chinese and Portuguese cultures and religious traditions for more than four centuries has left Macau with an inimitable collection of holidays, festivals and events. The biggest tournament of the year is the Macau Grand Prix in November,[70] when the main streets within the Macau Peninsula are converted to a racetrack bearing similarities with the Monaco Grand Prix. Many current or former Formula One drivers took part in the event early in their careers and among them Ayrton Senna, Michael Schumacher, David Coulthard, Ralf Schumacher and Takuma Sato are those who have won the Macau GP. Other annual events include the Macau Arts festival in March,[71] the International Fireworks Display Contest in September,[72] the International Music festival in October and/or November,[73] and the Macau International Marathon in December.[74]

The Lunar Chinese New Year is the most important traditional festival of the year among the Chinese, especially the older generation, and celebration normally takes place in late January or early February.[75] In general, family members gather together to have dinner and enjoy themselves. Children are the happiest of all since they receive red packets - which contains money - from married relatives and elders, and traditionally red packets symbolize good luck.[76]

Image:Portuguese road.jpg
The Portuguese style road near Largo do Senado

The Pou Tai Un Temple in Taipa is the place for the Feast of the Earth god Tou Tei in February.[76] The Procession of the Passion of Our Lord is a well-known Catholic rite and journey, which travels from Igreja de Santo Agostinho to Igreja da Sé Catedral‎, also taking place in February.[76] A-Ma Temple, which honours the Goddess of seafarers and fishermen; is in full swing in April with many congratulant worshippers during the A-Ma festival.[76] To look on dancing dragons at the Feast of the Drunken Dragon and twinkling-clean Buddhas at the Feast of Bathing of Lord Buddha in May is common.[76] In Coloane Village, the Taoist god Tam Kong is also honoured in the same day.[76] Dragon Boat festival is brought into play on Nam Van Lakes in June and Hungry Ghosts' festival, in late August and/or early September every year.[76] All events and festivities basically come to an end with Winter Solstice in December annually.[74] With significant influences from Southeast Asia and the Lusophone world, local cooking in Macau consists of a blend of southern Chinese and Portuguese cuisines.[77] Many unique dishes resulted from the spice blends that the wives of Portuguese sailors used in an attempt to replicate European dishes. Its ingredients and seasonings include those from Europe, Latin America, Africa, India, and Southeast Asia, as well as local Chinese ingredients.[78] Common cooking techniques include baking, grilling and roasting. It is renowned for its flavour-blending culture. Typically, Macanese food is seasoned with various spices and flavours including turmeric, coconut milk, cinnamon and bacalhau, giving special aromas and tastes.[79] Famous dishes include Galinha à Portuguesa, Galinha à Africana (African chicken), Bacalhau, Macanese Chili Shrimps and stir-fry curry crab. The most popular snack is pork chop bun. The most popular dessert is ginger milk and Portuguese-style egg tart.[80]

Macau International Music Festival is conducted by the Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Macau SAR Government every year.[81] The 20th anniversary of the MIMF is celebrated with a touch of romanticism. Jazz, Classical music, Electronica, Chinese Folk-pop, Rock and Fado will fill Macau's autumn nights with magic. The eclectic programme of 28 performances promises to delight Macau audiences, accustomed to the festival's annual offering of different kinds of music from all over the world.[82]

[edit] Tourism

Main article: Historic Centre of Macau
Image:00000148.JPG
Macau Fisherman's Wharf
Image:Macau,China-LotusSquare.png
The Lotus Square

Macau preserves China's largest group of historical properties in the urban area, as it had almost five centuries of regular oscillation between West and East, after the Portuguese seafarers settled in Macau in the mid-sixteenth century. The Historic Centre of Macau, which includes some twenty-five historic monuments and public squares, was officially listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 15 July 2005 during the 29th session of the World Heritage Committee, being held in Durban of South Africa.[83]

[edit] Sister cities

[edit] See also

Further information: List of Macau-related topics
v • d • e
Macau Topics
HistoryFernão Pires de Andrade · Charles Elliot · Governor of Macau · List of oldest buildings and structures in Macau · Anders Ljungstedt · 60s · Postage stamps and postal history of Macau · Military of Macau under Portuguese rule · Transfer of the sovereignty of Macau · Fortaleza do MonteImage:Flag of Macau.svg
GeographyHac Sa Beach · Ilha Verde · ISO 3166-2:MO · Municipalities of Macau · Freguesia · Cotai
CultureDemographics · Events and Festivals in Macau · Religion · List of films set in Macau · Cuisine · Cantopop · Macanese language · Opera · José dos Santos Ferreira · Film · Macao Science and Culture Centre · Music of Macau · The Scout Association of Macau
PoliticsBasic Law · Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration · One Country, Two Systems · Political parties · Elections · Foreign relations of Macau · General Union for Development of Macau · Municipal Council of Macau · Municipality of the Islands · Legal system · Military · Legislative Council · Government · Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau · Commission Against Corruption · Gaming Law
Principal Officials of MacauAdministration and Justice · Economy and Finance · Security · Social Affairs and Culture · Transport and Public Works
EconomyHengqin · Immigration to Macau · Macanese pataca · CEPA · Monetary Authority of Macao · Companies
TourismCanidrome · Gambling in Macau · Individual Visit Scheme · Macau Grand Prix · Macau Tower
TransportAirport · Ferry Pier · Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge · Roads · Buses · Airline · Mass transit system
OthersCommunications · Education · Jockey Club · Honours system · Universities · Names of Macau  · List of birds of Macau

[edit] References

Image:Zhongwen.svg This article contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
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[edit] Further reading

  • Berlie, J.A. (1999). Macao 2000. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019-592074-0. 
  • Brazier; Shann Davies (1980). Viva Macau!. MacMillan Publishers, Hong Kong. ISBN 9620301617. 
  • Cremer (Editor) (1988). Macau: City of Commerce and Culture. Univ of Washington Pr. ISBN 0295966084. 
  • De Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe - Person, Culture and Emotion in Macao. Berg Publishers. ISBN 0826457495. 
  • Eayrs, James (2003). Macao Foreign Policy and Government Guide. International Business Publications, USA. ISBN 0739764519. 
  • Guillen-Nunez; Leong Ka Tai (1999). Macao Streets. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0195877667. 
  • Gunn, Geoffrey C (2005 reprint). Encountering Macau: A Portuguese City-State on the Periphery of China, 1557-1999. Editora Gunn. ISBN 9993770531. 
  • Hamilton (2001). Cuisines of Portuguese Encounters: Macao. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0781808316. 
  • Leong Ka Tai, Francisco M. Caldeira Cabral, Annabel Jackson (2000). Macau's Gardens and Landscape Art. Asia 2000. ISBN 9627160849. 
  • Lo Shiu Hing (1995). Political Development in Macau. Chinese University Pres, Hong Kong. ISBN 962-201-658-8. 
  • McGivering, Jill; David Hartung (1999). Macao Remembers. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0195917359. 
  • Miu Bing Cheng Christina (1999). Macau: A Cultural Janus. Hong Kong Univ Pr. ISBN 9622094864. 
  • Pittis & Henders (Editor) (1998). Macao: Mysterious Decay and Romance. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0195905695. 
  • Welker, Jennifer (2005). The New Macau, first edition, China-Link Publishing (Macau). ISBN 9993782203. 
  • Wank & Lamas (1998). History of Macau: A Student's Manual, first edition, Institute of Tourism Education. ISBN 9729731411. 
  • Yee (2001). Macau in Transition: From Colony to Autonomous Region. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0333750098. 

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