Lorenzo Ghiberti
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Lorenzo Ghiberti (born Lorenzo di Bartolo) (1378 – December 1, 1455) was an Italian artist of the early Renaissance best known for works in sculpture and metalworking.
Ghiberti was born in Florence. His father was Bartoluccio Ghiberti, a trained artist and goldsmith, who trained his son in the gold trade. Lorenzo Ghiberti then to work in the workshop of Bartoluccio de Michele, where Brunelleschi also got his training. When the bubonic plague struck Florence in 1400, Ghiberti emigrated to Romagna, where he assisted in the completion of wall frescoes of the castle of Carlo I Malatesta.
Ghiberti first became famous when he won the 1401 competition for the first set of bronze doors for the Baptistery of the cathedral in Florence. Brunelleschi was the runner up. The original plan was for the doors to depict scenes from the Old Testament, and the trial piece was the sacrifice of Isaac. However, the plan was changed to depict scenes from the New Testament, instead.
To carry out this commission, he set up a large workshop in which many artists trained, including Donatello, Masolino, Michelozzo, Uccello, and Antonio Pollaiuolo. Ghiberti had re-invented the lost-wax casting (cire perdue) of bronze-casting as it was used by the ancient Romans. This made his workshop so special to young artists.
When his first set of twenty-eight panels was complete, Ghiberti was commissioned to produce a second set for another doorway in the church, this time with scenes from the Old Testament, as originally intended for his first set. Instead of twenty-eight scenes, he produced ten rectangular scenes in a completely different style. They were more naturalistic, with perspective and a greater idealization of the subject. Michelangelo dubbed these scenes the "Gates of Paradise."
He was then commissioned to execute monumental gilded bronze statues to be placed within select niches of the Orsanmichele in Florence, one of Saint John the Baptist for the Arte di Calimala (Wool Merchants' Guild) and one of St. Matthew for the Arte di Cambio (Bankers' Guild). Finally, he also produced a bronze figure of St. Stephen for the Arte della Lana (Wool Manufacturers' Guild).
He was also a collector of classical artifacts and a historian. He was actively involved in the spreading of humanist ideas. His unfinished Commentarii are a valuable source of information about Renaissance art and contain an autobiography, the first of an artist. This work was a major source for Vasari's Vite.
Ghiberti died in Florence at the age of seventy-seven.
The Gates of Hell of Auguste Rodin were inspired by the "Gates of Paradise."
[edit] I Commentari (The Commentaries)
After 1447 Lorenzo wrote the three books of I Commentari, a valuable source of information about Renaissance art. The third book is interrupted abruptly in the surviving copy. [1]
This is the same text that Vasari used as a major source for his Vite. [2]
The first book is a history of ancient art. Ghiberti reinforces the view of Vitruvius that the artist needs an intellectual basis for his practice, and postulates that the art practitioner must have both a natural talent and formal instruction. He refers to drawing and perspective as the bases of painting and sculpture.
The second book continues the historical description with Giotto. Ghiberti covers the so-called Middle Ages, in which are included the first known artistic biographies, based on style, rather than anecdote. Ghiberti provides details about artists of the 1300s and 1400s. This book has been most useful to later historians because it contains descriptions of works of art otherwise undocumented. Ghiberti included his autobiography, the first surviving autobiography of an artist.
The third book is an attempt to determine the theoretical bases of the arts; its interest is concentrated in the optical. It contains the first use of a reticle to help an artist construct the human figure.
[edit] References
- ^ Julius von Schlosse Lorenzo Ghiberti's Denkwürdigkeiten (I Commentarii), 2 vol. (1912)
- ^ (2003) Key Writers on Art: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century Edited by Chris Murray.. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24302-5. .
[edit] External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia article
- "The Gates of Paradise: Lorenzo Ghiberti's Renaissance Masterpiece" at The Metropolitan Museum of Art Review by John Haber (retrieved on 12/26/2007)
- Golden Oldies With a New Sparkle, Review by Roberta Smith in the New York Times (retrieved on 12/26/2007)ca:Lorenzo Ghiberti
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