List of sovereign states
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged, gives an overview of states around the world with information on the extent of their sovereignty. It includes both states widely recognized (de jure) to be sovereign and entities that claim sovereignty while exercising de facto control over (part of) their claimed territory.
| Contents: | Criteria for inclusion Sovereign states: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z States claiming sovereignty |
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[edit] Criteria for inclusion
This list derives its definition of a sovereign state from Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention of 1933. According to the Convention, a sovereign state should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population, (b) a defined territory, (c) government, and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states. In respect of the last qualification, the role of recognition by other states can often be crucial since it implies acceptance into the international community.[1] The list includes all states that satisfy these criteria and claim independence; however, the aforementioned qualifications are not absolute and permit variations.
On the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 202 entities:
- 193 sovereign states with general international recognition:
- 192 member states of the United Nations
- 1 state with general international recognition but not UN membership, governed by the Holy See (a UN permanent observer): Vatican City
- 9 entities claiming sovereignty:
- 3 entities lacking general international recognition, none of which are UN members, that may be defined as states in the body of customary international law: Taiwan (the Republic of China), the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and the Palestinian territories.
- 6 entities lacking general international recognition, none of which are UN members, that have declared independence and have limited or no international recognition: the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (only recognized by Turkey), Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Somaliland, and South Ossetia.
Entities considered to be micronations that are not internationally recognized are not included. Unlisted are the following noteworthy entities that do not possess all the qualifications in the Montevideo Convention:
- two states, in free association with New Zealand and represented in most matters by that country: Niue and the Cook Islands.
- one entity, a UN observer member, recognized by 96 states, but with extraterritorial areas within Rome is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
- one state, never a UN member, only ever briefly recognized by the Republic of Georgia, with all of its claimed territory under military occupation, the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
- The European Union, a sui generis supranational organization which currently has 27 member countries. The member countries transferred part of their legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU; therefore, it has some characteristics of a sovereign state, without generally being considered a sovereign state.
- Parts of Antarctica are claimed by a few nations. However, together with its outlying islands, Antarctica is held in abeyance under the terms of the Antarctic Treaty.[2]
The listing or placement of any entity in this article is not meant to imply an official position in any naming dispute.
[edit] International recognized sovereign states
| Name in English and the official languages of the state[3] | Information on the extent of the sovereignty[4] | |
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[edit] A | ||
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| Abkhazia Image:Flecha tesela.png States claiming sovereignty | ||
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Image:Flag of Afghanistan.svg Afghanistan - Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Albania.svg Albania - Republic of Albania
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria - People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra - Principality of Andorra
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Angola.svg Angola - Republic of Angola
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. A separatist government in exile claims independence for Cabinda[5] | |
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Image:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda - Antigua and Barbuda
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth Realm[6] and has a division (dependency), Barbuda, with a autonomous status[7]. | |
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Image:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina - Argentine Republic[8]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Argentina is a federation[9] divided in provinces and one federal district. The Argentine claim of Argentine Antarctica is suspended[2]. Argentine claims also sovereignty over the British overseas territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[10] | |
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Image:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia - Republic of Armenia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Australia.svg Australia - Commonwealth of Australia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Australia is a Commonwealth Realm[6] and a federation[9] divided in states and territories. The Australian claim of the Australian Antarctic Territory is suspended[2]. Australia has sovereignty over: | |
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Image:Flag of Austria.svg Austria - Republic of Austria
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. Austria is a federation[9] divided in states (Bundesländer). | |
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Image:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan - Republic of Azerbaijan
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Azerbaijan has one autonomous republic, Image:Flag of Nakhchivan.svg Nakhchivan, and the autonomous region of Nagorno-Karabakh (Dağlıq Qarabağ,)[7]. In Nagorno Karabakh a de facto country in the de jure territory of Azerbaijan has been established. | |
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[edit] B | ||
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Image:Flag of the Bahamas.svg The Bahamas - Commonwealth of The Bahamas
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. The Bahamas is a Commonwealth Realm[6]. | |
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Image:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain - Kingdom of Bahrain
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh - People's Republic of Bangladesh
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Barbados is a Commonwealth Realm[6]. | |
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Image:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus - Republic of Belarus
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium - Kingdom of Belgium
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. Belgium is a federation[9] divided in linguistic communities and regions. | |
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Image:Flag of Belize.svg Belize
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Belize is a Commonwealth Realm[6]. | |
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Image:Flag of Benin.svg Benin - Republic of Benin[12]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan - Kingdom of Bhutan
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia - Republic of Bolivia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnia and Herzegovina
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. As a result of the Dayton Agreement between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two constituent entities, the Image:Flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Image:Flag of Republika Srpska.svg Republika Srpska[13]. | |
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Image:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana - Republic of Botswana
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil - Federative Republic of Brazil
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Brasil is a federation[9] divided in states and one federal district. | |
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Image:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei - Negara Brunei Darussalam
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Brunei claims sovereignty over part of the Spratly Islands[14]. | |
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Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria - Republic of Bulgaria
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. | |
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Image:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso - Burkina Faso[15]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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| Burma Image:Flecha tesela.png Myanmar | ||
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Image:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi - Republic of Burundi
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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[edit] C | ||
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Image:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia - Kingdom of Cambodia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon - Republic of Cameroon
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Canada.svg Canada[16]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Canada is a Commonwealth Realm[6] and a federation[9] divided into provinces and territories. | |
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Image:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde - Republic of Cape Verde
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Chad.svg Chad - Republic of Chad
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Chile.svg Chile - Republic of Chile
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Easter Island is an integral part of Chile. The Chilean claim of the Chilean Antarctic Territory is suspended[2]. | |
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Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China - People's Republic of China[17]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO[18]. Commonly known as China, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has five autonomous regions: Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Tibet[7].
Additionally, it has sovereignty over the Special Administrative Regions of
It claims sovereignty over Taiwan (Republic of China; ROC) (which claims sovereignty over the whole of China),[21] the Paracel Islands (disputed by the ROC and Vietnam),[22] the Spratly Islands (disputed by the ROC, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei),[14] and the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Kashmir.[23] Tibet and East Turkestan (Xinjiang) have separatist governments in exile.[5] | |
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| China, Republic of Image:Flecha tesela.png States claiming sovereignty | ||
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Image:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia - Republic of Colombia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros - Union of the Comoros
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. The Comoros is a federation with autonomous islands[9][7]. The Comoros dispute the French sovereignty over Mayotte and the Glorioso Islands[10]. | |
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Image:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Congo - Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)[24]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Congo - Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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| Cook Islands Image:Flecha tesela.png New Zealand | ||
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Image:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica - Republic of Costa Rica
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg Côte d'Ivoire - Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia - Republic of Croatia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba - Republic of Cuba
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. The Cuban area of Guantánamo Bay is as the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base under the permanent control (with no claim of sovereignty) of the United States which pays rent under terms of treaties with Cuba. | |
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Image:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus - Republic of Cyprus
| Widely recognized[25] member of the UNO and the EU[11]. See Northern Cyprus for the de facto state in the de jure territory of Cyprus. | |
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Image:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic[26]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. | |
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[edit] D | ||
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Image:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark - Kingdom of Denmark
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11].
The Kingdom of Denmark includes also the associated countries
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Image:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti - Republic of Djibouti
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica - Commonwealth of Dominica
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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[edit] E | ||
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Image:Flag of East Timor.svg East Timor - Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste[27]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador - Republic of Ecuador
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt - Arab Republic of Egypt
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador - Republic of El Salvador
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea - Republic of Equatorial Guinea
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea - State of Eritrea
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia - Republic of Estonia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. | |
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Image:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Ethiopia is a federation[9] divided in regions and chartered cities. | |
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[edit] F | ||
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Image:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji - Republic of the Fiji Islands
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Fiji has an autonomous region (dependency), Rotuma[7]. | |
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Image:Flag of Finland.svg Finland - Republic of Finland
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. Image:Flag of Aaland.svg Åland is a neutral and demilitarised autonomous region of Finland. [30][7]. | |
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Image:Flag of France.svg France - French Republic
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. The French overseas regions/departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion) are legally part of France and France possesses the uninhabited Clipperton Island. The French sovereignty includes also the overseas territories of
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[edit] G | ||
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Image:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon - Gabonese Republic
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of The Gambia.svg The Gambia - Republic of The Gambia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Georgia has three divisions with an autonomous status, Image:Flag of Ajaria.svg Adjara, Image:Flag of Abkhazia.svg Abkhazia and Image:Flag of South Ossetia.svg South Ossetia[7]. Both in Abkhazia and South Ossetia de facto states inside the de jure territory of Georgia have been formed. | |
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Image:Flag of Germany.svg Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. Germany is a federation[9] divided in states (Länder). | |
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Image:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana - Republic of Ghana
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Greece.svg Greece - Hellenic Republic
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. Greece has an autonomous republic, Image:Flag of the Byzantine Empire.svg Athos[7]. | |
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Image:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Grenada is a Commonwealth Realm[6]. | |
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Image:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala - Republic of Guatemala
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea - Republic of Guinea
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau - Republic of Guinea-Bissau
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana - Co-operative Republic of Guyana
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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[edit] H | ||
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Image:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti - Republic of Haiti
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Haiti claims the uninhabited United States possession of Navassa[10]. | |
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Image:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras - Republic of Honduras
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary - Republic of Hungary
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. | |
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[edit] I | ||
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Image:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland - Republic of Iceland
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of India.svg India - Republic of India
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. India is a federation[9] divided in states and union territories. The Indian sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh is disputed by the People's Republic of China[10]. India claims sovereignty over and occupies part of Kashmir[23]/ | |
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Image:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia - Republic of Indonesia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Indonesia has an four provinces with special status, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Yogyakarta Special Region, Papua, and Jakarta Special Capital Region[7]. Separatist governments in exile claim independence for the Republic of the South Moluccas and the Republic of West Papua[31] | |
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Image:Flag of Iran.svg Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq - Republic of Iraq
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Iraq's constitution labels the country as a federation[32][9] divided in regions, governorates and the capital district. At present the only region is Iraqi Kurdistan. | |
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Image:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland - Ireland (Republic of Ireland)[33]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. | |
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Image:Flag of Israel.svg Israel - State of Israel
| Widely recognized member of the UNO[34]. Israel occupies the Syrian Golan Heights and parts of the West Bank and East Jerusalem. It has supervision over the partially occupied Palestinian territories. These occupations are internationally not recognized[10]. See for more information also Palestine. | |
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Image:Flag of Italy.svg Italy - Italian Republic
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. Italy has autonomous regions, Aosta Valley, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol[7]. | |
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| Ivory Coast Image:Flecha tesela.png Côte d'Ivoire | ||
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[edit] J | ||
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Image:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Jamaica is a Commonwealth Realm[6]. | |
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Image:Flag of Japan.svg Japan - State of Japan[35]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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[edit] K | ||
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Image:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan - Republic of Kazakhstan
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya - Republic of Kenya
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati - Republic of Kiribati
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of North Korea.svg Korea, North - Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of South Korea.svg Korea, South - Republic of Korea (South Korea)
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait - State of Kuwait
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan - Kyrgyz Republic
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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[edit] L | ||
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Image:Flag of Laos.svg Laos - Lao People's Democratic Republic
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia - Republic of Latvia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. | |
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Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon - Republic of Lebanon
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho - Kingdom of Lesotho
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia - Republic of Liberia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Libya.svg Libya - Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein - Principality of Liechtenstein
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania - Republic of Lithuania
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. | |
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Image:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg - Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. | |
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[edit] M | ||
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Image:Flag of Macedonia.svg Macedonia - Republic of Macedonia[36]
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar - Republic of Madagascar
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Madagascar claims the French possessions of the Glorioso Islands and Juan de Nova[10]. | |
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Image:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi - Republic of Malawi
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Malaysia is a federation[9] divided in states and federal territories. Malaysia claims part of the Spratly Islands[14]. | |
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Image:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives - Republic of Maldives
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Mali.svg Mali - Republic of Mali
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Malta.svg Malta - Republic of Malta
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. | |
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Image:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands - Republic of the Marshall Islands
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. The Marshall Islands claim the United States territory of Wake Island.[10] | |
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Image:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania - Islamic Republic of Mauritania
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius - Republic of Mauritius
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Mauritius has an autonomous island, Rodrigues[7]. Mauritius claims the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French island of Tromelin[10]. | |
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Image:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico - United Mexican States
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Mexico is a federation[9] divided in states and one federal district. | |
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Image:Flag of Micronesia.svg Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Micronesia is a federation[9] divided in states. | |
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Image:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova - Republic of Moldova
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Moldova has an autonomous region, Gagauzia[7]. See Transnistria for the de facto state inside the de jure territory of Moldova. | |
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Image:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco - Principality of Monaco
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro - Republic of Montenegro
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco - Kingdom of Morocco
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Morocco claims sovereignty over the Western Sahara and controls most of it, which is disputed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[39]. Morocco disputes the Spanish sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla and Peñón de Alhucemas[10]. | |
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Image:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique - Republic of Mozambique
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar - Union of Myanmar (Burma)
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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[edit] N | ||
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| Nagorno Karabakh Image:Flecha tesela.png States claiming sovereignty | ||
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Image:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia - Republic of Namibia
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru - Republic of Nauru
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg The Netherlands - Kingdom of the Netherlands
| Widely recognized member of the UNO and the EU[11]. Legally the Netherlands refers to the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, with the latter consisting of the Netherlands and the two overseas (associated) countries of
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Image:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. New Zealand is a Commonwealth Realm[6] and has sovereignty over the associated states of
The New Zealand claim of the Ross Dependency at Antarctica is suspended[2]. | |
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Image:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua - Republic of Nicaragua
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Niger.svg Niger - Republic of Niger
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. | |
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Image:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria - Federal Republic of Nigeria
| Widely recognized member of the UNO. Nigeria is a federation[9] divided in states and one federal district. | |
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| Niue Image:Flecha tesela.png New Zealand | ||
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| Northern Cyprus Image:Flecha tesela.png States claiming sovereignty | ||
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