Levant

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The Levant (IPA: /lə'vænt/) is a geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. The Levant does not include the Caucasus Mountains, or any part of the Arabian Peninsula. It is an imprecise term, because it refers to layers of cultural habitation, rather than to the land itself. It is a much needed term, however, given that throughout much of history the region referred to has had many different national or political names.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Regions 3 See also 4 References

[edit] Etymology

The term Levant is first attested in English in 1497, originally used in the wider sense of "Mediterranean lands east of Venetia". It derives from the Middle French levant, the participle of lever "to raise" — as in soleil levant "rising sun" — from the Latin levare. It thus referred to the Eastern direction of the rising sun from the perspective of those who first used it and has analogues in other European languages, notably Morgenland (i.e., morning land) in German and Danish. As such, it is broadly equivalent to the Arabic term Mashriq, "the land where the sun rises". It is therefore similar to the term "Anatolia" which means "rise up" (ana) an accomplishment or deed (tel/tol).

An alternative, though unlikely, etymology suggests that the term stems from Lebanon — the letters b and v are, in fact, one letter in Hebrew and Aramaic and interchange according to pronunciation. Spanish translators of Arabic would use the letters b and v interchangeably as a consequence of their Spanish pronunciations. Thus, the Levant would refer to the areas surrounding Lebanon, itself deriving from the Hebrew and Aramaic word for white in reference to the snow-capped Lebanese mountains. Note that the term levant is also used to refer to a portion of the eastern Spanish litoral, which also argues for a romance language origin.

The term became current in English in the 16th century, along with the first English merchant adventurers in the region: English ships appeared in the Mediterranean in the 1570s and the English merchant company signed its agreement ("capitulations") with the Grand Turk in 1579 (Braudel).

In 19th century travel writing, the term incorporated eastern regions under then current or recent governance of the Ottoman empire, such as Greece. In 19th century archaeology, it referred to overlapping cultures in this region during and after prehistoric times, intending to reference the place instead of any one culture.

The name Levantine is additionally applied to people of Italian (especially Venetian and Genoese), French, or other Euro-Mediterranean origin who have lived in Turkey or the East Mediterranean coast (the Levant) since the period of the Crusades, the Byzantine period and the Ottoman period. The majority of them are descendants of traders from the maritime republics of the Mediterranean (such as the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Ragusa) or of the inhabitants of Crusader states (especially the French Levantines in Turkey and Lebanon). They continue to live in İstanbul (mostly in the districts of Galata, Beyoğlu and Nişantaşı) and İzmir (mostly in the districts of Bornova and Buca).

When the United Kingdom took over Palestine in the aftermath of the First World War, some of the new rulers adapted the term pejoratively to refer to inhabitants of mixed Arab and European descent and to Europeans (usually French, Italian, or Greek) who had "gone native" and adopted local dress and customs.^{[citation needed]}

The French Mandates of Syria and Lebanon from 1920 to 1946 were called the Levant states. The term became common in archaeology at that time, as many important early excavations were made then, such as Mari and Ugarit. Since these sites could not be classified as Mesopotamian, North African, or Arabian, they came to be referred to as "Levantine."

Today "Levant" is typically used by archaeologists and historians with reference to the prehistory and the ancient and medieval history of the region, as when discussing the Crusades. The term is also occasionally employed to refer to modern or contemporary events, peoples, states, or parts of states in the same region, namely Israel, Jordan, the West Bank and Gaza Strip / Judea and Samaria, Lebanon, and Syria.

[edit] Regions

• Israel
• Jordan
• Palestine
• Lebanon
• Syria

In reference to Lebanon, the Classical Greek "Λευχος" (pronounced levkos) also means in modern English "white" or "colorless" and could be an early cognate for Lebanon, the Levant and the Levites.

[edit] See also

• History of the Levant
• Levantine Arabic
• Levante, Spain
• Southern Levant
• Levanter
• Canaan
• Land of Israel
• Mashriq
• Bilad al-Sham
• Greater Syria
• Jund al-Sham
• Strugglers for the Unity and Freedom of al-Sham
• Mesopotamia
• Amarna letters
• Amarna letters–localities and their rulers
• Council for British Research in the Levant
• Amioun

[edit] References

• Braudel, Fernand, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II
• http://www.levantine.plus.com/index.htm. Levantine Heritage Site. Includes many oral and scholarly histories, and genealogies for some Levantine Turkish families.

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ar:بلاد الشام

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