Leopard Seal
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| Leopard Seal | ||||||||||||||||
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| Hydrurga leptonyx (Blainville, 1820) | ||||||||||||||||
| Image:Hydrurga leptonyx distribution.png Hydrurga leptonyx range map.
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The Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) is a seal belonging to the family Phocidae. It is the only species in its genus. Leopard Seals are the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after Southern Elephant Seals), and are near the top of the Antarctic food chain. They can live twenty-six years, possibly more.[1] Orcas are the only natural predators of Leopard Seals.
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[edit] Physical description
Leopard seals are large and muscular, with dark grey backs and light grey on their stomachs. Their throats are whitish with the black spots that give the seals their common name. Females are generally larger than the males. The bulls are usually about 2.8 meters long and weigh up to 320 kg, while cows are around 3.0 meters in length and weigh up to 370 kg. Very large females can reach over 3.5 meters and weigh over 400 kg.[2]
Compared to most phocids Leopard Seals are highly evolved for their role as keystone predator. Although they are true seals and swim with their hind limbs, they have powerful highly developed forelimbs similar to a sea lion, giving them a maneuverability similar to Otariidae such as sea lion and fur seals, a classic example of convergent evolution. Like these eared seals, Leopard seals are shallow water hunters, and do not dive deep like the other seals of the Antarctic Weddell seals, Ross seals and Elephant seals, which can all dive to several hundred meters in search of squid. Leopard seals have unusually loose jaws that can open more than 160 degrees allowing them to bite larger prey.
Like most carnivores, their front teeth are sharp, but their molars lock together in a way that allows them to sieve krill from the water, similar to crabeater seals. Their senses of eyesight and smell are highly developed. These senses, coupled with streamlined bodies that enable the seals to move swiftly through the water, ensure that they are formidable predators.
[edit] Behavior
Leopard Seals live in the cold waters surrounding Antarctica. During the summer months, they hunt among the pack ice surrounding the continent, spending almost all of their time in the water. In the winter, they range north to the sub-Antarctic islands. Occasionally, individuals may be spotted on the southern coasts of South America, Australia, and New Zealand, and as far north as the Cook Islands. Juveniles are more often found in the north.
Leopard seals are solitary creatures and come together in small groups only when it is time to mate. The female digs a hole in the ice and after a nine months gestation the female gives birth to a single pup during the Antarctic summer. She protects the pup until it is able to fend for itself.
Leopard seals are bold, powerful and curious. In the water, there is a fine line between curiosity and predatory behaviour, and they may 'play' with penguins that they do not intend to eat.
[edit] Feeding
Leopard seals feed on a wide variety of creatures: smaller seals probably eat mostly krill, but also squid and fish. Larger Leopard seals probably switch to feed on King and Emperor Penguins and, less frequently, seals such as Crabeater Seals.
When hunting penguins, the Leopard Seal patrols the waters near the edges of the ice, almost completely submerged, waiting for the birds to enter the ocean. It kills the swimming bird by grabbing the feet, then shaking the penguin vigorously and beating its body against the surface of the water repeatedly until the penguin is dead. Previous reports stating that Leopard seals skin their prey prior to feeding have been found to be incorrect. Lacking the teeth necessary to slice their prey into manageable pieces, they flail their prey from side to side in order to tear and rip it into smaller pieces.
[edit] Human Attacks
In 2003, a Leopard seal dragged Kirsty Brown, a snorkeling biologist, underwater to her death in what was identified as the first known human fatality from a leopard seal.[3] However, as an "apex predator" in their native environment, numerous examples of aggressive behavior, stalking, and attacks on humans had been previously documented.[3] Leopard seals have previously shown a particular predilection for attacking the black, torpedo-shaped pontoons of rigid inflatable boats, necessitating that researchers equip their craft with special protective guards to prevent them from being punctured. Leopard seals have also been known to snap at peoples' feet through holes in the ice.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Seal Specialist Group (1996). Hydrurga leptonyx. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
- Rogers, Tracey L. (2002). Leopard Seal. In William F. Perrin, Bernd Würsig & J.G.M. Thewissen eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals San Diego: Academic Press. 692-693.
- National Geographic Magazine, November 2006 Leopard Seals
- King, Judith E. (1975). Seals leopard on Lord Howe Island. Journal of Mammalogy, 56(1), pp. 251-252
- ^ Leopard Seal Description & Characteristics. The Antarctic Connection. Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
- ^ Leopard seals. Australian Antarctic Division (2004). Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
- ^ a b Owen, James (August 6, 2003). Leopard Seal Kills Scientist in Antarctica. National Geographic Society. Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
[edit] External links
- Best Wildlife Photos of 2005 - "Underwater World" Winner: "Leopard Seal Pass"
- Antarctic Connection.comda:Søleopard
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