Latin America
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Latin America
| Area | 21,069,501 km² |
|---|---|
| Population | 541 million |
| Countries | 20 |
| Dependencies | 10 |
| GDP | $3.33 Trillion (exchange rate) $5.62 Trillion (purchasing power parity) |
| Languages | Spanish, Portuguese, Quechua, Aymara, Nahuatl, Mayan languages, Guaraní, Italian, English, French, Haitian Creole, German, Welsh, Dutch, Cantonese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and many others |
| Time Zones | UTC -2:00 (Brazil) to UTC -8:00 (Mexico) |
| Largest Cities | 1. Mexico City 2. São Paulo 3. Buenos Aires 4. Rio de Janeiro 5. Lima 6. Bogotá 7. Santiago de Chile 8. Caracas 9. Guadalajara 10. Monterrey |
Latin America (Portuguese and Spanish: América Latina; French: Amérique Latine) is the region of the Americas where Romance languages, those derived from Latin (particularly Spanish and Portuguese), are primarily spoken. Latin America is contrasted with the less frequently-used term Anglo-America, designating that region of the Americas where English predominates.
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[edit] Definition
There are several definitions of Latin America, none of them perfect or necessarily logically consistent:
- In most common contemporary usage, Latin America refers only to those territories in the Americas where the Spanish or Portuguese languages prevail: Mexico, most of Central and South America, plus Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean.
- Strictly speaking, Latin America can designate all of those countries and territories in the Americas where a Romance language (i.e. languages derived from Latin, and hence the name of the region) are spoken: Spanish, Portuguese, French, and creole languages based upon these. Indeed, this was the original intent when the term was coined in France.[citation needed] Using this definition, Latin America includes not only all Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries, but also the current and former French territories in the hemisphere, including Quebec in Canada, Louisiana in the United States, Haiti, Martinique and Guadeloupe in the Caribbean, and French Guiana in South America.
- The former Dutch colony Suriname, the Netherlands Antilles, and Aruba are not usually considered part of Latin America, although in the latter two, a predominantly Iberian-derived creole language, Papiamento, is spoken by the majority of the population.
- Sometimes, particularly in the United States, the term Latin America may be used to refer to all of the Americas to the south of that country, including such countries as Belize, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana Antigua and Barbuda and the Bahamas, where English - a non-Romance language - prevails.
- In historical terms, Latin America could be defined as all those parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish, Portuguese and French Empires, which speak languages stemmed from Latin. Under this definition, much of the U.S. Southwest, as well as Florida and French Louisiana, would be also included in the region.
The distinction between Latin America and Anglo America, and more generally the stress on European heritage (or Eurocentrism, overlooks the fact that there are many places in the Americas (e.g. highland Peru and Guatemala) where American Indian cultures and languages are important, as well as areas in which the influence of African cultures is strong (e.g. the Caribbean, including parts of Colombia and Venezuela, and coastal Brazil).
[edit] Etymology
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Originally a political term, Amérique latine is considered by some to have been coined by French emperor Napoleon III, who cited Amérique latine and Indochine as goals for expansion during his reign.[citation needed] While the term was intended to help him stake a claim to those territories, it eventually came to embody those parts of the Americas that speak Romance languages initially brought by settlers from Spain, Portugal and France between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. An alternate etymology points to Michel Chevalier, who used the term in 1836.[1]
In the United States, the term was not used until the 1890s, and did not become a common descriptor of the region until early in the twentieth century. Before then, Spanish America was more commonly used.[2]
Latin America has come to represent an expression equivalent to Latin Europe and implies a sense of supranationality greater than those implied by notions of statehood or nationhood. This supranational identity is expressed through common initiatives and organizations, like the Union of South American Nations. It is important to observe that the terms Latin American, Latin, Latino, and Hispanic differ from each other.
Many people in Latin America do not speak Latin-derived languages, but native ones or non-Romance languages brought over by immigration. There is also the blend of Latin-derived cultures with indigenous and African ones resulting in a differentiation in relation to the Latin-derived cultures of Europe.
French-speaking areas in Canada (except Quebec) and the United States, like Acadia, French Louisiana and other places north of Mexico are now customarily excluded from the sociopolitical definition of Latin America, despite having significant or predominant populations that speak a Latin-derived language, due in part to these territories' not being sovereign states or being geographically separated from the rest of Latin America. French Guiana, however, is sometimes included, despite being a dependency of France and not an independent country. Some countries in the region do not use a Romance language as their official language, but are sometimes called "Latin American" countries, in the case of Dutch-speaking Suriname, and the countries of Belize and Guyana, whose official language is English.
The term Ibero-America is sometimes used (mainly in Spain) to refer to the nations that were formerly colonies of Spain and Portugal, to avoid ambiguities present in the term Latin America. The name derives from the Iberian Peninsula, on which Spain and Portugal are located. The Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI) takes this definition a step further, by including Spain and Portugal (often termed the Mother Countries of Latin America) among its member states, in addition to their Spanish and Portuguese-speaking, former colonies in the Americas.
[edit] History
- See also: History of South America for a treatment of pre-Columbian civilisations and a general overview of the region's history.
The Americas are thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering Land Bridge, now the Bering strait, from northeast Asia into Alaska more than 10,000 years ago. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents. By the first millennium AD/CE, South America’s vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed permanent settlements, such as the Chibchas (or "Muiscas" or "Muyscas") and the Tairona groups. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas of Peru and the Aymaras of Bolivia were the three Indian groups that settled most permanently.
The region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations, including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Caribs, Tupi, Maya, and Inca. The golden age of the Maya began about 250, with the last two great civilizations, the Aztecs and Incas, emerging into prominence later on in the early fourteenth century and mid-fifteenth centuries, respectively.
With the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus's voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incans and Aztecs, lost power to the Europeans. Hernán Cortés destroyed the Aztec elite's power with the help of local groups who disliked the Aztec elite, and Francisco Pizarro eliminated the Incan rule in Western South America. European powers, most notably Spain and Portugal, colonized the region, which along with the rest of the uncolonized world was divided into areas of Spanish and Portuguese control by the Line of Demarcation in 1493, which gave Spain all areas to the west, and Portugal all areas to the east (the Portuguese lands in America subsequently becoming Brazil). By the end of the sixteenth century, Europeans occupied large areas of North, Central and South America, extending all the way into the present southern United States. European culture and government was imposed, with the Roman Catholic Church becoming a major economic and political power, as well as the official religion of the region.
Diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, wiped out a large proportion of the indigenous population, with epidemics of diseases reducing them sharply from their prior populations. Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, but some put the figures as high as 85% and as low as 20%. Due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations and mines. Intermarriage between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the colonial period, people of mixed ancestry (mestizos) formed majorities in several colonies.
By the end of the eighteenth century, Spanish and Portuguese power waned as other European powers took their place, notably Britain and France. Resentment grew over the restrictions imposed by the Spanish government, as well as the dominance of native Spaniards (Iberian-born peninsulares) over the major institutions and the majority population, including the colonial-born Spaniards (criollos, Creoles). Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808 marked the turning point, compelling Creole elites to form juntas that advocated independence. Also, the newly independent Haiti, the second oldest nation in the New World after the United States and the oldest independent nation in Latin America, further fueled the independence movement by inspiring the leaders of the movement, such as Simón Bolívar and José de San Martin, and by providing them with considerable munitions and troops.
Fighting soon broke out between the Juntas and the Spanish authorities, with initial Creole victories, such as Father Miguel Hidalgo's in Mexico and Francisco de Miranda's in Venezuela, crushed by Spanish troops. Under the leadership of Simón Bolívar, José de San Martin and other Libertadores, the independence movement regained strength, and by 1825, all of Spanish Latin America, except for Puerto Rico and Cuba, gained independence from Spain. Brazil achieved independence with a constitutional monarchy established in 1822. During the same year in Mexico, a military officer, Agustín de Iturbide, led conservatives who created a constitutional monarchy, with Iturbide as emperor (followed by a republic, 1823).
[edit] Political divisions
Latin America is politically divided into the following countries and territories:
The countries included in all definitions are:
The more expansive definition can include:
Owing to their geographical location, Belize, the Falkland Islands, Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago could be added to this grouping, but they are not culturally or linguistically Latin American. They maintain economic ties with nearby countries, and are grouped by the United Nations in the predominantly Latin American region of South America. All except Suriname are also the objects of long-standing territorial claims by their Latin American neighbors.
[edit] Population
The population of Latin America is a composite of ancestries, ethnic groups and races, making the region one of the most — if not the most — diverse in the world. The specific composition varies from country to country. Some have a predominance of a mixed population, in others people of Amerindian origin are a majority, some are dominated by inhabitants of European origin and some populations are primarily of African origin. Most or all Latin American countries have Asian minorities.
[edit] Amerindians
In Bolivia and Peru Amerindians make up the largest segment of the population, while in Ecuador, Guatemala and Mexico, they are sizable minorities. In many countries, such as Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay and Venezuela, people of mixed Indian and European ancestry make up the majority of the population (see Mestizo).
[edit] Spanish and Portuguese
Beginning in the late fifteenth century, large numbers of Iberian colonists settled in what became Latin America: Portuguese to Brazil and Spaniards elsewhere in the region. Most of Latin America's culture is of Spanish or Portuguese (in Brazil) origin. They brought the Spanish and Portuguese languages, the Catholic faith and many traditions. Most of Latin America's White or mixed White population is of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry.
[edit] Africans
Large numbers of African slaves were brought to Latin America from the sixteenth century onward, the majority of whom were sent to the Caribbean region and Brazil. In contrast to most of Latin America , people of African descendant predominate in most of the neighboring Anglophone Caribbean countries. In Colombia, intermarriage between Africans and Amerindians produced descendants known as Zambos. Meanwhile, mixing between European settlers and African slaves produced descendants known as mulattoes, many of them in Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.
[edit] Other immigrants
Millions of European immigrants arrived in Latin America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with the bulk of them settling in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. Most immigrants were Spaniards, Portuguese and Italians. Many others arrived, such as Germans, Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Irish and Welsh.
Latin American countries were atractting European immigrants to work in the agriculture, commerce and industry. Besides that, many Latin American governments were racists and immigrants from Europe were brought to civilize the region.[3] Nowadays, people of recent European background make up the vast majority of the population in Argentina, Uruguay and Southern Brazil. Spite being of different origins, these immigrants integrated in the local society and most of their descendants speak only Spanish or Portuguese (in Brazil). For example, people of Italian descent make up half of Argentina and Uruguay's population, but only a few of them are able to speak Italian. The only notable exceptions are some communities of Germans and Italians across Southern Brazil, who still preserve their languages, though most of them are monolingual in Portuguese.[4]
People of Asian descent are numerous in Latin American. Most of them are of Japanese descent and live in Brazil. Brazil is home to the largest Japanese population outside of Japan itself, numbering 1.5 million.[5]
Many immigrants came from the Middle-East and Asia, including Indians, Lebanese, Syrians, and, more recently, Koreans, Vietnamese and Chinese.
[edit] Racial groups
The following table shows the different racial groups and their percentages for all Latin American countries and territories, except French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Quebec, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin and Saint Pierre and Miquelon.[6]
| Country | Population | White | Mestizo | Mulatto | Amerindian | Black | White and mestizo | Mixed | Other1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 40,301,927 | 97% | 3% | ||||||
| Aruba | 100,018 | 80% | 20% | ||||||
| Bolivia | 9,119,152 | 15% | 30% | 55% | |||||
| Brazil | 190,010,647 | 53.7% | 38.5% | 6.2% | 1.6% | ||||
| Chile | 16,284,741 | 3% | 95% | 2% | |||||
| Colombia | 44,379,598 | 20% | 58% | 14% | 1% | 4% | 3% | ||
| Costa Rica | 4,133,884 | 1% | 3% | 94% | 2% | ||||
| Cuba | 11,394,043 | 37% | 51% | 11% | 1% | ||||
| Dominican Republic | 9,365,818 | 16% | 11% | 73% | |||||
| Ecuador | 13,755,680 | 65% | 25% | 3% | 7% | ||||
| El Salvador | 6,948,073 | 9% | 90% | 1% | |||||
| Guatemala | 12,728,111 | 40.5% | 59.4% | 0.1% | |||||
| Haiti | 8,706,497 | 95% | 5% | ||||||
| Honduras | 7,483,763 | 1% | 90% | 7% | 2% | ||||
| Mexico | 108,700,891 | 16% | 75% | 8% | 1% | ||||
| Netherlands Antilles | 223,652 | 85% | 15% | ||||||
| Nicaragua | 5,675,356 | 17% | 69% | 5% | 9% | ||||
| Panama | 3,242,173 | 10% | 70% | 6% | 14% | ||||
| Paraguay | 6,669,086 | 95% | 5% | ||||||
| Peru | 28,674,757 | 15% | 37% | 45% | 3% | ||||
| Puerto Rico | 3,944,259 | 80.5% | 0.4% | 8% | 4.1% | 7% | |||
| Uruguay | 3,460,607 | 88% | 8% | 4% | |||||
| Venezuela | 26,023,528 | 41% | 49% | 1% | 7% | 2% | |||
| Total | 562,521 | 33.9% | 27% | 15.2% | 10.9% | 4.9% | 4.8% | 1.7% | 1.6% |
1 May include one or more of the previous groups.
[edit] Language
- See also: Indigenous languages of the Americas
Spanish is the predominant language in the majority of Latin American countries. Portuguese is spoken primarily in Brazil, the most populous country in the region. French is spoken in some countries of the Caribbean (notably the dependencies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, and French Guiana as well as the sovereign island-nation of Haiti). Dutch is the official language of some Caribbean islands and in Suriname on the continent; however, as Dutch is a Germanic language, these territories are not considered part of Latin America.
Other European languages spoken in Latin America include: English, by some groups in Argentina, Nicaragua, Panama, and Puerto Rico; German, in southern Brazil, southern Chile, Argentina, and German-speaking villages in northern Venezuela; Italian, in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and, to a lesser extent, Venezuela; and Welsh, in southern Argentina.
In several nations, especially in the Caribbean region, creole languages are spoken. The most widely-spoken creole language in the Caribbean and Latin America in general is Haitian Creole, the predominant language of Haiti; it is derived primarily from French and certain West African tongues with some Amerindian and Spanish influences as well. Creole languages of mainland Latin America, similarly, are derived from European languages and various African tongues. Native American languages are widely spoken in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay, and to a lesser degree, in Mexico, Ecuador and Chile. In absolute numbers, Mexico contains the largest population of indigenous-language speakers of any country in the Americas, surpassing those of the Amerindian-majority countries of Guatemala, Bolivia and the Amerindian-plurality country of Peru. In Latin American countries not named above, the population of speakers of indigenous languages is tiny or non-existent.
In Peru, Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas where they predominate. In Ecuador, while holding no official status, the closely-related Quichua is a recognized language of the indigenous people under the country's constitution; however, it is only spoken by a few groups in the country's highlands. In Bolivia, Aymara, Quechua and Guaraní hold official status alongside Spanish. Guarani is, along with Spanish, an official language of Paraguay, and is spoken by a majority of the population (who are, for the most part, bilingual). In Nicaragua, Spanish is the official language, but on the country's Caribbean coast English and indigenous languages such as Miskito, Sumo, and Rama also hold official status. Colombia recognizes all indigenous languages spoken within its territory as official, though fewer than 1% of its population are native speakers of these. Nahuatl is one of the 62 native languages spoken by indigenous people in Mexico, which are officially recognized by the government as "national languages", along with Spanish.
[edit] Religion
Although most of Latin America is Roman Catholic, membership in the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America is declining while membership in Protestant churches are increasing. Brazil has an active quasi-socialist Roman Catholic movement known as Liberation Theology. Practitioners of the Buddhist, Jewish, Islamic, Hindu, Bahá'í, and indigenous denominations and religions exist. Various Afro-Latin American traditions such as Santería and Macumba, a tribal-voodoo religion, are also practiced.
[edit] Economy
[edit] Economic performance
According to ECLAC,[7] an economic growth rate of 5.3% is estimated for 2006, equivalent to a per capita increase of 3.8%. This marks the fourth consecutive year of economic growth, and the third consecutive year of rates exceeding 4%, after an average annual growth rate of only 2.2% between 1980 and 2002. A breakdown of the annual rates of GDP growth (in U.S. dollars at constant 2000 prices) is transcribed as follows:
Notes: a. Estimates b. Figures provided by the National Statistics Office of Cuba, under evaluation by ECLAC
Sources: 1. All countries, except Cuba: IMF [3] 2. Cuba and Latin America: ECLAC [4]PDF (230 KiB)
[edit] Inequality and poverty
Inequality and poverty continue to be the region's main challenges; according to the ECLAC Latin America is the most unequal region in the world.[8] Moreover, according to the World Bank, nearly 25% of the population lives on less than 2 USD a day. The countries with the highest inequality in the region (as measured with the Gini index in the UN Development Report[9]) in 2006 were Bolivia (60.1), Haiti (59.2), Colombia (58.6), Brazil (58), Paraguay (57.8) and Chile (57.1), while the countries with the lowest inequality in the region were Nicaragua (43.1), Ecuador (43.7), Venezuela (44.1) and Uruguay (44.9). One aspect of inequality and poverty in Latin America is unequal access to basic infrastructure. For example, access to water and sanitation in Latin America and the quality of these services remain low.
[edit] Trade blocs
The major trade blocs or agreements in the region Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations (CAN). Minor blocs or trade agreements are the G3 and the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). However, major reconfigurations are taking place along opposing approaches to integration and trade; Venezuela has officially withdrawn from both the CAN and G3 and it has been formally admitted into the Mercosur (pending ratification from the Brazilian and Paraguayan legislatures). The president-elect of Ecuador has manifested his intentions of following the same path. This bloc nominally opposes any Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States, although Uruguay has manifested its intention otherwise. On the other hand, Mexico is a member of the NAFTA, Chile has signed a FTA with the United States, and Colombia's and Peru's legislatures have approved a FTA with the United States and are awaiting its ratification by the US Senate.
[edit] Standard of living
The following table lists (in alphabetical order) all the countries in Latin America indicating Gross Domestic Product (GDP), per capita income in nominal terms and adjusted to purchasing power parity (PPP), Gross Domestic Product in PPP, a measurement of inequality through the Gini index (the higher the index the more unequal the income distribution is), and the Human Development Index (HDI). GDP and PPP GDP statistics come from the International Monetary Fund with data as of 2006. Gini index and HDI come from the UN Development Program. Green cells indicate the 1st rank in each category, while yellow indicate the last rank.
| Country | GDP[10] | GDP per capita[10] | GDP (PPP)[10] | GDP (PPP) per capita[10] | Income equality[9] | HDI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| billion USD | USD | billion USD | USD | Gini index | ||
| Image:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina | 212.595 | 5,455 | 626.665 | 16,080 | 51.3 | 0.869 (H) |
| Image:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia | 11.221 | 1,166 | 28.221 | 2,931 | 60.1 | 0.695 (M) |
| Image:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | 1,067.706 | 5,717 | 1,881.277 | 10,073 | 57.0 | 0.800 (H) |
| Image:Flag of Chile.svg Chile | 145.845 | 8,903 | 209.852 | 12,811 | 54.9 | 0.867 (H) |
| Image:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia | 135.883 | 2,905 | 386.353 | 8,260 | 58.6 | 0.791 (M) |
| Image:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica | 21.466 | 4,877 | 52.215 | 11,862 | 49.8 | 0.846 (H) |
| Image:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba[11] | 40.000 | 3,500 | 46.220 | 4,100 | N/A | 0.838 (H) |
| Image:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic | 31.600 | 3,653 | 81.119 | 9,377 | 51.6 | 0.779 (M) |
| Image:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador | 41.402 | 3,058 | 65.465 | 4,835 | 53.6 | 0.772 (M) |
| Image:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador | 18.654 | 2,664 | 39.210 | 5,600 | 52.4 | 0.735 (M) |
| Image:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala | 30.299 | 2,334 | 56.282 | 4,335 | 55.1 | 0.689 (M) |
| Image:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti | 4.473 | 528 | 15.602 | 1,840 | 59.2 | 0.529 (M) |
| Image:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras | 9.072 | 1,225 | 23.689 | 3,199 | 53.8 | 0.700 (M) |
| Image:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 840.012 | 8,066 | 1,183.956 | 11,369 | 46.1 | 0.829 (H) |
| Image:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua | 5.301 | 897 | 22.974 | 3,886 | 43.1 | 0.710 (M) |
| Image:Flag of Panama.svg Panama | 17.103 | 5,208 | 28.222 | 8,593 | 56.1 | 0.812 (H) |
| Image:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay | 9.527 | 1,611 | 31.579 | 5,339 | 58.4 | 0.755 (M) |
| Image:Flag of Peru.svg Peru | 93.045 | 3,366 | 189.487 | 6,856 | 52.0 | 0.773 (M) |
| Image:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay | 19.127 | 5,977 | 38.302 | 11,969 | 44.9 | 0.852 (H) |
| Image:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela | 181.608 | 6,736 | 201.674 | 7,480 | 48.2 | 0.792 (M) |
Notes: (H) High human development; (M) Medium human development
[edit] Culture
The rich mosaic of Latin American cultural expressions is the product of many diverse influences:
- Native cultures of the peoples that inhabited the continents prior to the arrival of the Europeans.
- European cultures, brought mainly by the Spanish, the Portuguese and the French. This can be seen in any expression of the region's rich artistic traditions, including painting, literature and music, and in the realms of science and politics. The most enduring European colonial influence was language. Italian and British influence has been important as well.
- African cultures, whose presence derives from a long history of New World slavery. Peoples of African descent have influenced the ethno-scapes of Latin America and the Caribbean. This is manifest for instance in dance and religion, especially in countries such as Brazil, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Colombia, Haiti, Dominican Republic and Cuba.
[edit] Literature
- See also: List of Latin American writers
Pre-Columbian cultures were primarily oral, though the Aztecs and Mayans, for instance, produced elaborate codices. Oral accounts of mythological and religious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after the arrival of European colonizers, as was the case with the Popol Vuh. Moreover, a tradition of oral narrative survives to this day, for instance among the Quechua-speaking population of Peru and the Quiché of Guatemala.
From the very moment of Europe's "discovery" of the continent, early explorers and conquistadores produced written accounts and crónicas of their experience--such as Columbus's letters or Bernal Díaz del Castillo's description of the conquest of Mexico. During the colonial period, written culture was often in the hands of the church, within which context Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz wrote memorable poetry and philosophical essays. Towards the end of the 18th Century and the beginning of the 19th, a distinctive criollo literary tradition emerged, including the first novels such as Lizardi's El Periquillo Sarniento (1816).
The 19th Century was a period of "foundational fictions" (in critic Doris Sommer's words), novels in the Romantic or Naturalist traditions that attempted to establish a sense of national identity, and which often focussed on the indigenous question or the dichotomy of "civilization or barbarism" (for which see, say, Domingo Sarmiento's Facundo (1845), Juan León Mera's Cumandá (1879), or Euclides da Cunha's Os Sertões (1902)).
At the turn of the 20th century, modernismo emerged, a poetic movement whose founding text was Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío's Azul (1888). This was the first Latin American literary movement to influence literary culture outside of the region, and was also the first truly Latin American literature, in that national differences were no longer so much at issue. José Martí, for instance, though a Cuban patriot, also lived in Mexico and the USA and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere.
However, what really put Latin American literature on the global map was no doubt the literary boom of the 1960s and 1970s, distinguished by daring and experimental novels (such as Julio Cortázar's Rayuela (1963)) that were frequently published in Spain and quickly translated into English. The Boom's defining novel was Gabriel García Márquez's Cien años de soledad (1967), which led to the association of Latin American literature with magic realism, though other important writers of the period such as Mario Vargas Llosa and Carlos Fuentes do not fit so easily within this framework. Arguably, the Boom's culmination was Augusto Roa Bastos's monumental Yo, el supremo (1974). In the wake of the Boom, influential precursors such as Juan Rulfo, Alejo Carpentier, and above all Jorge Luis Borges were also rediscovered.
Contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from the best-selling Paulo Coelho and Isabel Allende to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as Diamela Eltit, Ricardo Piglia, or Roberto Bolaño. There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of testimonio, texts produced in collaboration with subaltern subjects such as Rigoberta Menchú. Finally, a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic Carlos Monsiváis and Pedro Lemebel.
The region boasts five Nobel Prizewinners: in addition to the Colombian García Márquez (1982), also the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral (1945), the Guatemalan novelist Miguel Ángel Asturias (1967), the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (1971), and the Mexican poet and essayist Octavio Paz (1990).
[edit] Art
- See also: List of Latin American artists
Beyond the rich tradition of indigenous art, the development of Latin American visual art owed much to the influence of Spanish, Portuguese and French Baroque painting, which in turn often followed the trends of the Italian Masters. In general, this artistic Eurocentrism began to fade in the early twentieth century, as Latin-Americans began to acknowledge the uniqueness of their condition and started to follow their own path.
From the early twentieth century, the art of Latin America was greatly inspired by the Constructivist Movement. The Constructivist Movement was founded in Russia around 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin. The Movement quickly spread from Russia to Europe and then into Latin America. Joaquin Torres Garcia and Manuel Rendón have been credited with bringing the Constructivist Movement into Latin America from Europe.
An important artistic movement generated in Latin America is Muralismo represented by Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco and Rufino Tamayo in Mexico and Santiago Martinez Delgado and Pedro Nel Gómez in Colombia. Some of the most impressive Muralista works can be found in Mexico, Colombia New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Philadelphia.
Mexican painter Frida Kahlo remains by far the most known and famous Latin American artist. She painted about her own life and the Mexican culture in a style combining Realism, Symbolism and Surrealism. Kahlo's work commands the highest selling price of all Latin American paintings.
[edit] Music and dance
- See also: Latin American music
- See also: Latin dance
One of the main characteristics of Latin American music is its diversity, from the lively rhythms of Central America and the Caribbean to the more austere sounds of the Andes and the Southern Cone. Another feature of Latin American music is its original blending of the variety of styles that arrived in The Americas and became influential, from the early Spanish and European Baroque to the different beats of the African rhythms.
Hispano-Caribbean music, such as Merengue, Bachata, Salsa, and more recently Reggaeton, from such countries as the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Panama has been strongly influenced by African rhythms and melodies. Haiti's Compas is a genre of music that draws influence and is thus similar to its Hispano-Caribbean counterparts with an element of jazz and modern sound as well.[12][13]
Other Latin American musical genres include the Argentine, and Uruguayan tango, the Antillean Soca, and Calypso, the Central American (Garifuna) Punta, the Colombian cumbia and vallenato, the Chilean Cueca, the Ecuadorian Boleros, and Rockoleras, the Mexican ranchera, the Nicaraguan Palo de Mayo, the Peruvian Marinera and Tondero, the Uruguayan Candombe, the French Antillean Zouk, and the various styles of music from Pre-Columbian traditions that are widespread in the Andean region. In Brazil, samba, North-American jazz, European classical music, and choro combined to form bossa nova. [14]
The classical composer Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959) worked on the recording of native musical traditions within his homeland of Brazil. The traditions of his homeland heavily influenced his classical works.[15] Also notable is the recent work of the Cuban Leo Brouwer and guitar work of the Venezuelan Antonio Lauro and the Paraguayan Agustín Barrios.
Arguably, the main contribution to music entered through folklore, where the true soul of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is expressed. Musicians such as Yma Súmac, Chabuca Granda, Atahualpa Yupanqui, Violeta Parra, Victor Jara, Mercedes Sosa, Jorge Negrete, Luiz Gonzaga, Caetano Veloso, and others gave magnificent examples of the heights that this soul can reach.
Latin pop, including many forms of rock, is popular in Latin America today (see Spanish language rock and roll).[16]
More recently, Reggaeton, which blends Jamaican reggae and dancehall with Latin America genres such as bomba and plena, as well as that of hip hop, is becoming more popular, in spite of the controversy surrounding its lyrics, dance steps (Perreo) and music videos. It has become very popular among populations with a "migrant culture" influence - both Latino populations in the U.S., such as southern Florida and New York City, and parts of Latin America where migration to the U.S. is common, such as Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico.[17]
[edit] Film
Latin American film is both rich and diverse. Historically, the main centers of production have been México, Brazil, Cuba, and Argentina.
Latin American cinema flourished after the introduction of sound, which added a linguistic barrier to the export of Hollywood film south of the border. The 1950s and 1960s saw a movement towards Third Cinema, led by the Argentine filmmakers Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino. More recently, a new style of directing and stories filmed has been tagged as "New Latin American Cinema."
Argentine cinema was a big industry in the first half of the 20th century. The industry re-emerged after the 1976-1983 military dictatorship to produce the Academy Award winner The Official Story in 1985. The Argentine economic crisis affected the production of films in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but many Argentine movies produced during those years were internationally acclaimed, including Nueve reinas (2000) and El abrazo partido (2004).
In Brazil, the Cinema Novo movement created a particular way of making movies with critical and intellectual screenplays, a clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape, and a political message. The modern Brazilian film industry has become more profitable inside the country, and some of its productions have received prizes and recognition in Europe and the United States, with movies such as Central do Brasil (1999) and Cidade de Deus (2003).
Cuban cinema has enjoyed much official support since the Cuban revolution, and important film-makers include Tomás Gutiérrez Alea.
Mexican cinema in the Golden Era of the 1940s boasted a huge industry comparable to Hollywood at the time. Stars included María Félix, Dolores del Rio and Pedro Infante. In the 1970s and 1970s Mexico was the location for many cult horror and action movies. More recently, films such as Amores Perros (2000) and Y tu mamá también (2001) enjoyed box office and critical acclaim and propelled Alfonso Cuarón and Alejandro González Iñarritu to the front rank of Hollywood directors.
It is also worth noting that many Latin Americans have achieved significant success within Hollywood, for instance Carmen Miranda and Salma Hayek, while Mexican Americans such as Robert Rodriguez have also made their mark.
[edit] See also
| Latin America Portal |
- Anglo America
- Southern Cone
- Hispanic America
- Ibero-America
- United States-Latin American relations
- Americas (terminology)
- Caribbean
- Central America
- North America
- South America
- Latin Union, Latin Europe, Latin Africa
- Latino, Latino Canadian, Afro-Latin American, Asian Latin American, White Latin American, Latin American British
- List of Latin Americans
- Latin American culture
- Latin American studies
- Irish settlement in Argentina
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ In his Lettres sur l'Amèrique du Nord
- ^ Latin American. Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
- ^ http://www.feth.ggf.br/Migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o.htm
- ^ http://www.ufrgs.br/propesq/livro2/paula/fig/mapa1.htm
- ^ http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/brazil/index.html
- ^ CIA World Factbook: Ethnic groups
- ^ [1]
- ^ La región sigue siendo la más desigual del mundo, según Cepal América Economía
- ^ a b Human Development Report, UNDP
- ^ a b c d IMF [2]
- ^ The IMF does not report statistics for Cuba. Data from the CIA World Factbook is used
- ^ Dr. Christopher Washburne. Clave: The African Roots of Salsa. University of Salsa. Retrieved on 2006-05-23.
- ^ Guide to Latin Music. Caravan Music. Retrieved on 2006-05-23.
- ^
- ^ Heitor Villa-Lobos. Leadership Medica. Retrieved on 2006-05-23.
- ^ The Baltimore Sun. "Latin music returns to America with wave of new pop starlets", The Michigan Daily. Retrieved on 2006-05-23.
- ^ "Daddy Yankee leads the reggaeton charge", Associated Press. Retrieved on 2006-05-23.
[edit] External links
- General information
- The Washington Post Interactive Map of Politics in Latin America
- Andean Community official webpage
- Council on Hemispheric Affairs
- Latin American Network Information Center
- Latin America Working Group
- Washington Office on Latin America
- Politics in Latin America
- Infolatam. Information and analysis of Latin America
- Blog
- News
- The Council on Hemispheric Affairs An independent source of Latin American news and opinion
- Business News Americas Daily news and research on Latin American business and industries.
- BBC - South America Creates Single Market
- Latin Business Chronicle Weekly news on Latin American business and technology.
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