Joseph Szigeti

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Joseph Szigeti
Image:Szigeti.jpg
Background information
Born	September 5, 1892
Origin	Budapest, Hungary
Died	February 20, 1973
Instrument(s)	Violin

"Szigeti" redirects here. For other uses see Szigeti (disambiguation).

Joseph Szigeti (Hungarian: Szigeti József) (September 5, 1892—February 20, 1973) was a Hungarian virtuoso violinist. Born into a musical family, he spent his early childhood in a small town in Transylvania. However, he quickly proved himself to be a child prodigy on the violin, and moved to Budapest with his father to study with renowned pedagogue Jenő Hubay. After completing his studies with Hubay, still in his early teens, Szigeti began his international concert career. His concertizing at that time was primarily limited to salon-style recitals and the more overtly virtuosic repertoire; however, after making the acquaintance of pianist Ferruccio Busoni, he began to develop a much more thoughtful and intellectual approach to music that eventually earned him the nickname "The Scholarly Virtuoso."

Following a bout with tuberculosis which necessitated a stay in a sanatorium in Switzerland, Szigeti settled in Geneva where he became Professor of Violin at the local conservatory in 1917. It was in Geneva that he met his wife, Wanda Ostrowska, and at roughly the same time he became friends with the great composer Béla Bartók. Both relationships were to be lifelong.

From the 1920s until 1960, Szigeti performed regularly all around the world and recorded extensively. He also distinguished himself as a strong advocate of new music, and was the dedicatee of many new works by contemporary composers. Among the more notable pieces written for him are Ernest Bloch's Violin Concerto, Bartók's Rhapsody No. 1, and Eugene Ysaye's Solo Sonata No. 1. He retired from the concert stage in 1960 and occupied himself with teaching and writing until his death in 1973, at the age of 80.

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Broadening horizons 1.3 Illness and new beginnings 1.4 American debut 1.5 Maturity 1.6 Later years 2 Family life 3 Reception 4 Legacy 4.1 Szigeti the writer 4.2 Szigeti and new music 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early life

Szigeti was born Joseph "Jóska" Singer^[1] in Budapest. His mother died when he was three years old, and soon thereafter he was sent to live with his grandparents in the little Carpathian town of Máramaros-Sziget (hence the name Szigeti). He grew up surrounded by music, as the town band was comprised almost entirely of his uncles. After a few informal lessons on the cimbalom from his aunt,^[2] he received his first lessons on the violin from his Uncle Bernat at the age of six.^[3]

Szigeti quickly showed a talent for the violin. Several years later, his father took him to Budapest to receive proper training at the conservatory. After a brief stint with a kindly but inadequate teacher, he auditioned at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music and was admitted directly into the class of Jenő Hubay, without the usual delays and formalities.^[4]

Hubay, who had himself been a student of Joseph Joachim in Berlin, had by that time established himself as one of the preeminent teachers in Europe and a fountainhead of the Hungarian violin tradition.^[5] Szigeti joined such violinists as Franz von Vecsey, Emil Telmanyi, Jelly d'Arányi and Stefi Geyer in Hubay’s studio.

In those days, Europe produced a great many child prodigies, inspired by the phenomenal success of the young Czech virtuoso Jan Kubelik and formed by rigorous teaching and enthusiastic parents. The Hubay studio was no exception; Szigeti and his fellow Wunderkinder performed extensively in special recitals and salon concerts during their study at the Liszt Academy.

In 1905, at the age of thirteen, Szigeti made his Berlin debut playing Bach's Chaconne in D minor, Ernst's Concerto in F-sharp minor, and Paganini's Witches Dance. Despite the formidable program, the event received mention only via a photograph in the Sunday supplement of the Berliner Tageblatt captioned: "A Musical Prodigy: Josef Szigeti."^[6]

Following that rather anticlimactic debut, Szigeti spent the next few months with a summer theater company in a small Hungarian resort town, playing mini-recitals in between acts of folk operetta. In that same vein, the next year saw an engagement to play at a circus in Frankfurt, where he appeared under the pseudonym "Jóska Szulagi."^[7]

Also in 1906, Hubay took Szigeti to play for Joseph Joachim in Berlin. Joachim was impressed, and suggested that Szigeti should finish his studies with him. Szigeti declined the offer, both out of loyalty to Hubay and a perceived aloofness and lack of rapport between Joachim and his students.^[8]

[edit] Broadening horizons

Soon after the meeting with Joachim, Szigeti embarked on a major concert tour of England. Midway through the tour, in Surrey, he met a music-loving couple who effectively adopted him, extending an invitation to stay with them for an indefinite length of time.^[9]

Throughout England, he gave many successful concerts, including the premiere of the first work dedicated to him: the violin concerto by Hamilton Harty. Also during this time, Szigeti toured with an all-star ensemble including legendary singer Dame Nellie Melba, pianists Ferruccio Busoni and Wilhelm Backhaus. Philippe Gaubert, a famous French flutist of the day, as well as the young John McCormack, were also present on these tours.^[10]

By far the most significant of these new contacts was Busoni. The great pianist and composer became Szigeti’s mentor during these formative years, and the two would remain lifelong friends. By Szigeti’s own admission, before meeting Busoni his life was characterized by a certain laziness and indifference brought on by the then-typical life of a young prodigy violinist.^[11] He had grown accustomed to playing crowd-pleasing salon miniatures and dazzling virtuosic encores without much thought. He knew little of the works of the great masters; he could play them, but not fully understand them. As Szigeti put it, Busoni (especially their careful study of Bach's Chaconne) "shook me once and for all out of my adolescent complacency."^[12]

[edit] Illness and new beginnings

In 1913, Szigeti was diagnosed with tuberculosis and was sent to a sanatorium in Davos, Switzerland to recover. His concert career was necessarily put on indefinite hold. During his stay at the sanatorium, he was re-acquainted with composer Béla Bartók, who was there recovering from pneumonia. The two had known each other only in passing during their conservatory days, but now they struck up a friendship that would last until Bartók’s death in 1945. In 1917, having by then made a full recovery, Szigeti was appointed Professor of Violin at the Geneva Conservatory of Music. Szigeti has admitted that this job, although generally satisfying, was often frustrating due to the mediocre quality of many of his students.^[13] Nevertheless, the years teaching in Geneva provided an opportunity for Szigeti to deepen his understanding of music as an art and other aspects such as chamber music, orchestral performance, music theory and composition.^[14] Also during that time, Szigeti met and fell in love with Wanda Ostrowska, a young woman of Russian parentage who had been stranded by the Russian Revolution of 1917 with her sister at a finishing school in Geneva. After a good deal of bureaucratic entanglements the couple were married in 1919. Their daughter, Irene, was born soon thereafter.

[edit] American debut

In 1925, Szigeti met Leopold Stokowski and played the Bach Chaconne for him. Less than two weeks later, Szigeti received a telegram from Stokowski’s manager in Philadelphia inviting him to perform in his American debut with the Philadelphia Orchestra later that year.^[15] The trip to America was a new experience on many levels: not only had Szigeti never played with an American orchestra before, he had never even heard one—a situation which caused him some significant stage fright. In addition, he was thoroughly taken aback by the American concert scene, specifically by the publicity- and popularity-driven agents and managers who determined much of what was heard in American concert halls. To Szigeti’s dismay, most of these impresarios were not interested in concertos and sonatas by the great masters, but preferred the popular light salon pieces which Szigeti had left behind in his prodigy days.^[16] (To the end of his days, Szigeti loved to quote one memorable, cigar-chewing impresario who told him, with regard to Beethoven's "Kreutzer Sonata", “Well, let me tell you, Mister Dzigedy—and I know what I’m talking about—your Krewtzer Sonata bores the pants off my audiences!")^[17]

[edit] Maturity

By 1930, Szigeti was firmly established as a major international concert violinist. He performed extensively in Europe, the United States and Asia, and made the acquaintance of many of the era’s leading instrumentalists, conductors and composers.

In 1939, to escape the war, Szigeti emigrated with his wife to the United States, where they settled in California. (A year later, Bartók also fled to America, and just two days after his arrival he and Szigeti played a sonata recital at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.)^[18]

During the 1930s, '40s and into the '50s Szigeti recorded extensively and left a significant legacy to posterity. Notable recordings include the above-mentioned Library of Congress sonata recital and the studio recording of Bartók's Contrasts with Benny Goodman on clarinet and the composer at the piano; the violin concertos of Beethoven, Brahms, Mendelssohn, Prokofiev (No.1) and Bloch under the batons of such conductors as Bruno Walter, Hamilton Harty and Sir Thomas Beecham plus various works by J.S. Bach, Busoni, Corelli, Handel and Mozart. One of his last recordings was of the Six Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin by Bach; although his technique had deteriorated noticeably by that time, the recording is still prized for its insight and depth of interpretation.^[19]

In 1950, Szigeti was detained at Ellis Island upon returning from a European concert tour and was held for several days, officially "temporarily excluded" from the country.^[20] The reasons for his detention remain unclear. The following year, he received American citizenship.

[edit] Later years

During the 1950s Szigeti began to develop arthritis in his hands and his playing deteriorated.^[21] Despite his weakened technical mastery, his intellect and musical expression were still strong, and he still drew large audiences at his concerts. (On one memorable occasion in Naples, in November 1956, just after the crushing of the Hungarian revolution, as soon as he walked onstage the audience burst into wild applause and shouts of "Viva l’Ungheria!", delaying the concert for nearly fifteen minutes.)^[22] In 1960 Szigeti officially retired from performing, and returned to Switzerland with his wife. There he devoted himself primarily to teaching, although he still traveled with some regularity to judge international violin competitions. Top-class students from all over Europe and America came to study under him. One of these students was Arnold Steinhardt, who spent the summer of 1962 with Szigeti. He came to the conclusion that "Joseph Szigeti was a template for the musician I would like to become: inquisitive, innovative, sensitive, feeling, informed."^[23] Another student who came to him was Kyung-Wha Chung, who credited Szigeti with expanding her artistic horizons and helping her to understand music on a deeper level.

Towards the end of his life Szigeti suffered from frail health. He was put on strict diets and had several stays in hospital, but his friends assert that this did nothing to dampen his characteristic cheerfulness.^[24]

He died on February 20, 1973, at the age of eighty. The New York Times ran a front-page obituary that ended with this 1966 quote from violinist Yehudi Menuhin:

"We must be humbly grateful that the breed of cultured and chivalrous violin virtuosos, aristocrats as human beings and as musicians, has survived into our hostile age in the person of Joseph Szigeti."^[25]

[edit] Family life

In 1918, while teaching in Geneva, Szigeti met and fell in love with Wanda Ostrowska, a young woman of Russian parentage who had been stranded by the Russian Revolution of 1917 with her sister at a finishing school in Geneva. In 1919 Szigeti and Ostrowska decided to get married, but on account of the turbulent political situation in Europe, many unexpected bureaucratic obstacles were thrown up in their path. The first problem was the impossibility of contacting Ostrowska's family, and the couple were forced to go ahead without parental consent, with the permission only of Ostrowska's sister and the headmistress of the finishing school at which she had been left.^[26] Further bureaucratic entanglements threatened to destroy the young couple's hopes of marriage entirely, but eventually the officials responsible for granting the marriage dispensation relented and agreed to ignore the problematic regulations. Szigeti recalls in his memoirs the words of Consul General Baron de Montlong at the critical moment:

"Let us not, if we can avoid it, fall victim to the dead letter of the law. I don't want to postpone the happiness of these two youngsters if we can help it. All laws have been twisted and tortured out of semblance of law, what with war and revolutions. For once let's twist and turn one for a good cause, yes?"^[27]

That incident was only the first time external political events would affect the couple's life together. Just before the birth of their only child, daughter Irene, Szigeti found himself stuck in Berlin during the Kapp Putsch of 1920, unable to return to Geneva. The entire city had been paralyzed by a general strike, and the trains were not running. His scheduled concert could not go on as planned, but he was nevertheless forced to stay in Berlin for "interminable days" while the Putsch ran its course. Worst of all, as Szigeti writes: "...the impossibility of communicating by phone or wire with my wife--whose condition I pictured with the somewhat lurid pessimism usual to young prospective fathers--was certainly a greater torment to me than all the other discomforts put together."^[28]

By 1940, the outbreak of World War II forced the Szigetis to leave Europe for the United States. (Irene remained in Switzerland, having married pianist Nikita Magaloff earlier that year.) They settled in California, where Wanda, always fond of nature, was delighted to be able to raise her own garden. In a letter to a friend, Szigeti describes her situation:

Wanda is happy, doing wonders with her gardening, chicken and rabbit raising, preserve and pâté de foie making. She doesn't budge from our place, doesn't want to come back to New York even for a visit, which I, for one, can well understand! Two dogs, an aviary full of exotic birds, tomatoes, grapes, strawberries, asparagus, artichokes, lovely flowers (camellias too!), right in our own little world."^[29]

Despite the attractions of California life, in 1960 the couple returned to Europe. They settled on Lake Geneva in Switzerland, near the home of their daughter and son-in-law, and remained there for the rest of their lives. Wanda died in 1971, predeceasing her husband by two years.

[edit] Reception

Writing in the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Boris Schwarz commented:

"Szigeti's performing technique was not always flawless and his tone lacked sensuous beauty, although it acquired a spiritual quality in moments of inspiration....Szigeti held the bow in an old-fashioned way, with the elbow close to the body, and produced much emphatic power, but not without extraneous sounds. Minor reservations, however, were swept aside by the force of his musical personality."^[30]

This comment illustrates well the general nature of Szigeti's reception by both critics and fellow musicians: while his musical insights, intellect, and depth of interpretation were almost universally lauded, the purely technical aspect of his playing was awarded a more mixed reaction. His tone in particular seems to have been occasionally uneven from performance to performance. A 1926 recital review in the New York Times, for example, laments that "...his performance was stiff and dry in its observance of letter and its absence of spirit...Mr. Szigeti was not only inclined to dryness of tone and angularity of phrase, but there were also passages of poor intonation."^[31] In contrast, a review from the previous year in the same journal remarked after a performance of the Beethoven concerto that "Mr. Szigeti has a rather small but beautiful tone, elegance, finish. He played with a quiet sincerity which grew upon the audience, though not with the virility and sweep that other violinists find...it is clear that Mr. Szigeti is a player to command esteem and respect for his musicianship, for the genuineness of his interpretations, and his artistic style."^[32]

[edit] Legacy

[edit] Szigeti the writer

During his time in America, Szigeti took to writing: his memoirs, With Strings Attached: Reminiscences and Reflections were published in 1947. The New York Times reviewed it favorably: although in their description the book was "constructed along utterly anarchistic lines, with each episode and anecdote left pretty much on its own",^[33] they asserted that "It also has the flavor of life in it, and it is marked by an exhilarating revolt against the custom of arranging catastrophes and triumphs under neat chapter headings."^[34]

In 1969, he published his treatise on violin playing, Szigeti on the Violin. In it Szigeti presents his opinions about the then-current state of violin playing and the various challenges and issues facing musicians in the modern world, as well as a detailed examination of violin technique as he understood it.

A recurring theme in the first part is the changing nature of violinist’s lives during Szigeti’s later years. In his youth, concert artists relied primarily on recitals to establish themselves and attract critical attention and acclaim; by the time of Szigeti’s writings, the recital had been eclipsed in importance by the competition. Szigeti was somewhat dismayed by this trend, especially since he considered the fast-paced and intense preparation necessary for high-level competitions to be “…incompatible with the slow maturing either of the performing artist or of the repertoire.”^[35] Szigeti believed that such accelerated development of a musician led to performances that “lack(ed) the stamp of authenticity, the mark of a personal view evolved through trial and error.”^[36] In a similar vein, he was skeptical of the effects produced by the recording industry on the culture of music-making. In Szigeti’s opinion, the allure of the recording contract and the instant “success” that it implied led many young artists to record works before they were musically ready, and thus contributed to the problem of artificially fast development and resulting musical immaturity.^[37]

Szigeti also offers a lengthy and detailed explanation of his approach to violin technique. He believed that a violinist should be concerned first and foremost with musical goals, rather than simply choosing the easiest way to play a certain passage or the most impressively virtuosic. He was particularly concerned with tone color: he advised that “The player should cultivate a seismograph-like sensitivity to brusque changes of tone colour caused by fingerings based on expediency and comfort rather than the composer’s manifest or probable intentions.”^[38] Other topics prominently discussed include the most effective position of a violinist's left hand, the violin works of Béla Bartók, a cautionary list of widely-accepted misprints and editorial inaccuracies in the standard repertoire, and most notably, the vital importance of J.S. Bach's Six Sonatas and Partitas for any violinist's technical and artistic development.

[edit] Szigeti and new music

Szigeti was an avid champion of new music, and frequently planned his recitals to include new or little-known works alongside the classics.^[39] Many composers wrote new works for him, notably Béla Bartók, Ernest Bloch, and Eugène Ysaÿe, along with lesser-known composers such as David Diamond and Hamilton Harty.

The reason for Szigeti's appeal to composers was articulated by Bloch upon completion of his Violin Concerto: the concerto's premiere would have to be delayed a full year in order for Szigeti to be the soloist, and Bloch agreed, saying that "modern composers realize that when Szigeti plays their music, their inmost fancy, their slightest intentions become fully realized, and their music is not exploited for the glorification of the artist and his technique, but that artist and technique become the humble servant of the music".^[40]

Szigeti was also the dedicatee of the first of Eugène Ysaÿe's six Sonatas for Solo Violin; in fact, Ysaÿe's inspiration to compose the sonatas (which are intended as a modern counterpart to J.S. Bach's Six Sonatas and Partitas) came from hearing Szigeti’s performances of Bach's solo sonatas.^[41]

Perhaps Szigeti's most fruitful musical partnership was with his friend Béla Bartók. The first piece Bartók dedicated to him was the First Rhapsody for violin and orchestra (or piano) of 1928; the rhapsody, based on both Romanian and Hungarian folk tunes, was one of a pair of violin rhapsodies written in 1928 (the other being dedicated to Zoltán Székely.) In 1938, Szigeti and clarinetist Benny Goodman teamed up to commission a trio from Bartók: originally intended to be a short work just long enough to fill both sides of a 78 rpm record, the piece soon expanded beyond its modest intent and became the three-movement Contrasts for Piano, Violin and Clarinet. In 1944, by which time Szigeti and Bartók had both fled to the United States to escape the war in Europe, Bartók's health was failing and he had sunk into depression. He was in dire need of money, but felt no inspiration to compose and was convinced that his works would never sell to an American audience. Szigeti came to his friend's aid by securing donations from the American Society of Composers and Publishers to pay for Bartók's medical treatment, and then, together with conductor and compatriot Fritz Reiner, persuaded Serge Koussevitzky to commission from Bartók what eventually became his much-beloved Concerto for Orchestra. The work's success brought Bartók some measure of financial security and provided him with a much-needed emotional boost.

As well as performing new works dedicated to him, Szigeti also championed the music of other contemporary composers, notably Sergei Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky. He was among the first violinists to make Prokofiev's First Violin Concerto a standard part of his repertoire, and frequently performed and recorded works of Stravinsky (including the Duo Concertante, recorded with the composer at the piano in 1945.)

[edit] References

1. ^ Campbell, Margaret: The Great Violinists. Doubleday and Company, New York, 1981, page 159
2. ^ Szigeti, Joseph: With Strings Attached: Reminiscenses and Reflections. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1947, page 36
3. ^ With Strings Attached, pages 3-4
4. ^ "With Strings Attached", pages 12-13
5. ^ The Great Violinists, page 104
6. ^ With Strings Attached, pages 41-42
7. ^ The Great Violinists, page 161
8. ^ With Strings Attached
9. ^ With Strings Attached, page 62
10. ^ With Strings Attached, page 70
11. ^ With Strings Attached, page 75
12. ^ With Strings Attached, page 84
13. ^ With Strings Attached, page 206
14. ^ With Strings Attached, page 208
15. ^ With Strings Attached, page 243
16. ^ With Strings Attached, pages 248-250
17. ^ The Great Violinists, revised edition, pg. 123.
18. ^ See review by Noel Straus in the New York Times, April 22, 1940.
19. ^ Schwarz, Boris: 'Joseph Szigeti', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 26 September 2007), <http://www.grovemusic.com>
20. ^ "Szigeti Being Held on Ellis Island", New York Times, November 18, 1950.
21. ^ Steinhardt, Arnold: "Violin Dreams", Houghton Mifflin, 2006, pages 137-138.
22. ^ Hughes, Spike: introduction to Szigeti on the Violin, by Joseph Szigeti. Dover Publications, 1979, page xiv.
23. ^ Violin Dreams", page 142.
24. ^ Szigeti on the Violin, page xvi.
25. ^ Whitman, Alden: "Joseph Szigeti, Violinist, Dead; Exponent of Classical Tradition", The New York Times, February 21, 1973
26. ^ Szigeti "With Strings Attached", pg. 172-173
27. ^ Szigeti, "With Strings Attached", page 173
28. ^ Szigeti "With Strings Attached", page 203
29. ^ quoted in Hughes, Spike, introduction to "Szigeti on the Violin," page xiii
30. ^ Schwarz, Boris: 'Joseph Szigeti', The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell (London: Macmillan, 2001), page 886.
31. ^ Downes, Olin, "Music", New York Times, March 25, 1926.
32. ^ Downes, Olin, "Music," New York Times, December 16, 1925.
33. ^ Schubart, Mark: "Szigeti Writes His Biography", The New York Times, March 9, 1947.
34. ^ Schubart, Mark: "Szigeti Writes His Biography", New York Times, March 9, 1947.
35. ^ Szigeti on the Violin, pg. 14
36. ^ Szigeti on the Violin, pg. 18
37. ^ see Szigeti on the Violin, chapter 5.
38. ^ Szigeti on the Violin, pg. 52
39. ^ Schwarz, Boris: "Joseph Szigeti", New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition. Macmillan Publishers, 2001.
40. ^ www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=16698. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
41. ^ Schwarz, Boris: "Joseph Szigeti", New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition. Macmillan Publishers, 2001.

[edit] External links

• Profile of Szigeti
• Analysis of a Szigeti recording

Persondata
NAME	Joseph Szigeti
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Szigeti József, Joseph Singer
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Violinist
DATE OF BIRTH	September 5, 1892
PLACE OF BIRTH	Budapest, Hungary
DATE OF DEATH	February 20, 1973
PLACE OF DEATH	Lucerne, Switerland

de:Joseph Szigeti

es:Joseph Szigeti fr:Joseph Szigeti he:יוזף סיגטי ja:ヨゼフ・シゲティ sv:József Szigeti