Italo Calvino

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Italo Calvino
Image:Calvino-italo.jpg
Italo Calvino, on the cover of Lezioni americane: Sei proposte per il prossimo millennio
Born 15 October 1923
Santiago de Las Vegas, Cuba
Died 19 September 1985
Siena, Italy
Occupation journalist, novelist
Nationality Italian
Literary movement Postmodernism
Influenced Amanda Filipacchi, Aimee Bender

Italo Calvino (October 15, 1923 – September 19, 1985) (pronounced [ˈiːtalo kalˈviːno]) was an Italian journalist and writer of short stories and novels. His best known works include the Our Ancestors trilogy (1952-1959), the Cosmicomics collection of short stories (1965), and the novels Invisible Cities (1972) and If on a winter's night a traveler (1979).

Contents

[edit] Biography

Italo Calvino was born in Santiago de Las Vegas, Cuba, to botanists Mario Calvino and Evelina Mameli. (His brother was Floriano Calvino, a famous geologist.) The family soon moved to its homeland Italy, where Italo lived most of his life.

They moved to Sanremo, on the Italian Riviera, where his father had come from (his mother came from Sardinia). The young Italo became a member of the Avanguardisti (a fascist youth organization in which membership was practically compulsory) with whom he took part in the occupation of the French Riviera. He suffered some religious troubles, as his relatives were openly atheist in a largely Catholic country. He was sent to attend a Waldensian private school. Calvino met Eugenio Scalfari (later a politician and the founder of the major Italian newspaper La Repubblica), with whom he would remain a close friend.

[edit] Moving to Turin: marxist period

In 1941 Calvino moved to Turin, after a long hesitation over living there or in Milan. He often humorously described this choice, and used to describe Turin as "a city that is serious but sad."

In 1943 he joined the Partisans in the Italian Resistance, in the Garibaldi brigade, with the battlename of Santiago. With Scalfari he created the MUL (liberal universitarian movement). Calvino then entered the (still clandestine) Italian Communist Party.

Calvino graduated from the University of Turin in 1947 with a thesis on Joseph Conrad and started working with the official Communist paper L'Unità. He also had a short relationship with the Einaudi publishing house, which put him in contact with Norberto Bobbio, Natalia Ginzburg, Cesare Pavese and Elio Vittorini. With Vittorini he wrote for the weekly Il Politecnico (a cultural magazine associated with the university). Calvino then left Einaudi to work mainly with L'Unità and the newborn communist weekly political magazine Rinascita.

He worked again for the Einaudi house from 1950, responsible for the literary volumes. The following year, presumably to advance in the communist party, he visited the Soviet Union. The reports and correspondence he produced from this visit were later collected and earned him literary prizes.

In 1952 Calvino wrote with Giorgio Bassani for Botteghe Oscure, a magazine named after the popular name of the party's head-offices. He also worked for Il Contemporaneo, a Marxist weekly.

From 1955 to 1958 Calvino had an affair with the actress Elsa de' Giorgi, an older and married woman. Calvino wrote hundreds of love letters to her. Excerpts were published by Corriere della Sera in 2004, causing some controversy.

[edit] After marxism

In 1957, disillusioned by the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary, Calvino left the Italian Communist party. His letter of resignation was published in L'Unità and soon became famous. He found new outlets for his periodic writings in the magazines Passato e Presente and Italia Domani. Together with Vittorini he became a co-editor of Il Menabò di letteratura, a position which Calvino held for many years.

Despite severe restrictions in the US against foreigners holding communist views, Calvino was allowed to visit the United States, where he stayed six months from 1959 to 1960 (four of which he spent in New York), after an invitation by the Ford Foundation. Calvino was particularly impressed by the "New World": "Naturally I visited the South and also California, but I always felt a New Yorker. My city is New York." The letters he wrote to Einaudi describing this visit to the United States, were first published as "American Diary 1959-1960" in the book Hermit in Paris in 2003.

In 1962 Calvino met the Argentinian translator Esther Judith Singer (Chichita) and married her in 1964 in Havana, during a trip in which he visited his birthplace and met Ernesto Che Guevara. This encounter later led him to contribute an article on the 15th of October 1967, a few days after the death of Guevara, describing the lasting impression Guevara made on him. Back in Italy, and once again working for Einaudi, Calvino started publishing some of his cosmicomics in Il Caffè, a literary magazine.

[edit] Last decades

Vittorini's death in 1966 influenced Calvino greatly. He went through what he called an "intellectual depression", which the writer himself described as an important passage in his life: "...I ceased to be young. Perhaps it's a metabolic process, something that comes with age, I'd been young for a long time, perhaps too long, suddenly I felt that I had to begin my old age, yes, old age, perhaps with the hope of prolonging it by beginning it early".

He then started to frequent Paris, where he was nicknamed L'ironique amusé. Here he soon joined some important circles like the Oulipo (Ouvroir de littérature potentielle) and met Roland Barthes and Claude Lévi-Strauss, in the fermenting atmosphere that was going to evolve into 1968's cultural revolution (the French May). During his French experience, he also became fond of Raymond Queneau's works, which would influence his later production.

Calvino had more intense contacts with the academic world, with notable experiences at the Sorbonne (with Barthes) and at Urbino's university. His interests included classical studies: Honoré de Balzac, Ludovico Ariosto, Dante, Ignacio de Loyola, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Cyrano de Bergérac, and Giacomo Leopardi. At the same time, not without surprising Italian intellectual circles, Calvino wrote novels for Playboy's Italian edition (1973). He became a regular contributor to the important Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera.

In 1975 Calvino was made Honorary Member of the American Academy, and the following year he was awarded the Austrian State Literary Prize for European literature. He visited Japan and Mexico and gave lectures in several American towns. In 1981 he was awarded the prestigious French Légion d'Honneur.

During the summer of 1985, Calvino prepared some notes for a series of lectures to be delivered at Harvard University in the fall. However, on 6 September, he was admitted to the ancient hospital of Santa Maria della Scala in Siena, where he died during the night between the 18 and 19 September of a cerebral hemorrhage. His lecture notes were published posthumously as Six Memos for the Next Millennium in 1988.

[edit] Style

His style is not easily classified; much of his writing has an air of the fantastic reminiscent of fairy tales (Our Ancestors, Cosmicomics), although sometimes his writing is more "realistic" and in the scenic mode of observation (Difficult Loves, for example). Some of his writing has been called "postmodern", reflecting on literature and the act of reading, while some has been labeled "magical realist", others fables, others simply "modern".

Twelve years before his death, he was invited to and joined the Oulipo group of experimental writers. He wrote: "My working method has more often than not involved the subtraction of weight. I have tried to remove weight, sometimes from people, sometimes from heavenly bodies, sometimes from cities; above all I have tried to remove weight from the structure of stories and from language."

[edit] Films on Calvino

  • Damian Pettigrew, Calvino Cosmorama (ARTE France, 2008). At his home in Piazza Campo Marzio (Rome) in 1983, Calvino granted a series of filmed interviews on his work to Canadian director Damian Pettigrew. The transcriptions were published in The Paris Review in 1992, in La Repubblica in 1995, and in book form in Italy under the title, Uno scrittore pomeridiano in 2003. The videos now serve as the basis of a major documentary in which rare archival footage, photographs, unpublished documents, and a unique recording of Calvino reading from his last novel, Mr. Palomar, are featured.

[edit] Bibliography

(dates are of original publication)

  • The Path to the Nest of Spiders (Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno, 1947)
  • Ultimo viene il corvo (1949)
  • I giovani del Po (1951)
  • The Cloven Viscount (Il Visconte dimezzato, 1951)
  • The Argentine Ant (La formica Argentina, 1952)
  • L'entrata in guerra (1954)
  • Italian Folktales (Fiabe Italiane, 1956, retelling of traditional stories)
  • La panchina (1956, libretto for the opera by Sergio Liberovici)
  • La nuvola di smog (1958)
  • I racconti (1958)
  • The Baron in the Trees (Il barone rampante, 1957)
  • The Nonexistent Knight (Il cavaliere inesistente, 1959)
  • Our Ancestors (I nostri antenati, 1959, collection of Il cavaliere inesistente, Il Visconte dimezzato and Il barone rampante)
  • Marcovaldo (1963)
  • The Watcher (La giornata di uno scrutatore, 1963)
  • La speculazione edilizia (1963)
  • Cosmicomics (Cosmicomiche, 1965)
  • t zero (Ti con zero, 1967)
  • Difficult Loves (Gli amori difficili, 1970, stories from the 1940s and 1950s)
  • Invisible Cities (Le città invisibili, 1972)
  • The Castle of Crossed Destinies (Il castello dei destini incrociati, 1973)
  • Il nome, il naso (1973)
  • Autobiografia di uno spettatore (1974)
  • La corsa delle giraffe (1975)
  • The Watcher and other stories (1963, short story collection)
  • If On a Winter's Night a Traveler (Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore, 1979) (English translation ISBN 0-919630-23-5)
  • The Uses of Literature (1980, 1982, essays)
  • La vera storia (1982, libretto for the opera by Luciano Berio)
  • Mr. Palomar - Palomar (1983)
  • Fantastic Stories (Racconti Fantastici Dell'Ottocento, two volumes, 1983)
  • Science et métaphore chez Galilée (1983, lectures at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes de la Sorbonne)
  • Collezione di sabbia (1984, essays)

Posthumous editions:

  • Under the Jaguar Sun (Sotto il sole giaguaro, 1988, short story collection)
  • Six Memos for the Next Millennium (Lezioni americane, 1988, lectures)
  • The Road to San Giovanni (La strada di San Giovanni, 1990, autobiographical stories)
  • Why Read the Classics? (Perché Leggere i Classici, 1991, essays)
  • Numbers in the Dark (1993)
  • Hermit in Paris (2003, autobiographical writings)

[edit] Authors he helped publish

[edit] References

  • McLaughlin, Martin. Italo Calvino. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998.
  • Bernardini, F. (Francesca Bernardini Napoletano). I segni nuovi di Italo Calvino. Roma: Bulzoni, 1977.
  • Bonura, Giuseppe. Invito alla lettura di Calvino. Milano: U. Mursia, 1972.
  • Di Carlo, Franco. Come leggere I nostri antenati. Milano: U. Mursia, 1958.
  • Calvino, Italo. Uno scrittore pomeridiano: Intervista sull'arte della narrativa a cura di William Weaver e Damian Pettigrew con un ricordo di Pietro Citati. Roma: minimum fax, 2003
  • Italian novelist's love letters turn political, International Herald Tribune, 20 August 2004

[edit] External links

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