Independent Television Commission
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Independent Television Commission (ITC) licensed and regulated commercial television services in the United Kingdom (except S4C in Wales) between 1 January 1991 and 28 December 2003.
In this context, 'independent' indicates freedom from the BBC, rather than the government, as the latter is taken as being read.
The ITC was formed by the Broadcasting Act 1990 to replace the television regulation functions of the Independent Broadcasting Authority (formed by the Broadcasting Act 1954) and Cable Authority. From January 1, 1991 it regulated the existing ITV network.
The 1990 Act also established the Channel Four Television Corporation to run Channel 4, regulated by the ITC. There was no fan-fare, as control was passed from Channel Four Television Company Limited.
The establishing Act required the auction of Channel 3 licences for the fifteen ITV regions and nationwide breakfast time. Most of the Channel 3 licences were awarded to the incumbent ITV companies; however there were some controversial decisions:
- Carlton Television outbid Thames Television for the London Weekday licence.
- GMTV (changed to Good Morning Television as the bid name 'Sunrise Television' was already used by Sky News) outbid TV-am for the Breakfast television licence.
- Television South and Television South West were deemed to have overbid for their licences, and hence their franchises were awarded to lower bidders Meridian Broadcasting and Westcountry Television, respectively.
On January 1, 1993 these new arrangements came into force, and the ITC began its job of 'light touch regulation'. During this time, the ITC regulated the Channel 3 system as well as Channel 4. It issued licences to new satellite broadcasters and awarded the Channel 5 licence in the late 1990s. It also regulated cable TV.
In the early 2000s, the British government, in a White Paper, declared its intention to merge the ITC with the Radio Authority, Office of Telecommunications, and Radiocommunications Agency. This merger, under the Communications Act 2003, took effect on December 29, 2003. Most powers of the ITC are now exercised by the Office of Communications (Ofcom), making some powers – and the ITC itself – defunct.
[edit] The ITC's co-regulators and origins
<timeline> ImageSize = width:800 height:300 PlotArea = width:720 height:260 left:65 bottom:30 AlignBars = justify
Colors =
id:ntl value:rgb(0.769,0.188,0.608) id:ofcom value:rgb(1,1,0.7) id:gpo value:rgb(1,0,0) id:mpt value:rgb(0,1,0) id:ho value:rgb(0.7,0.25,1) id:ra value:rgb(1,1,0) id:rau value:rgb(0.894,0.890,0.129) id:s4c value:rgb(0.635,0.984,0.565) id:iba value:rgb(0,0.925,0.953) id:itc value:rgb(0.992,0.725,0.784) id:cable value:rgb(0.122,0.565,0.278) id:taste value:rgb(0.110,0.545,0.906) id:bbc value:rgb(0.949,0.133,0.333) id:ch4tv value:rgb(0.635,0.984,0.565) id:black value:black
Period = from:1922 till:2003 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1925 gridcolor:black ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:5 start:1925
Define $whitearr = text:"<" textcolor:white shift:(5,-4) fontsize:16
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(0,-5)
bar:Engineering from: 1955 till: 1973 text:"ITA (1955–1973)" color: iba from: 1973 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1973–1990)" color: iba from: 1990 till: end text:"NTL Broadcast/Arqiva (1990–)" color: ntl
bar: ILR from: 1973 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1973–1990)" color: iba from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"RAu (1990–2003)" color: rau from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar: ITV from: 1955 till: 1973 text:"ITA (1955–1973)" color: iba from: 1973 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1973–1990)" color: iba from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:Ch4 from: 1982 till: 1993 text:"IBA (1982–1993)" color: iba from: 1993 till: end text:"Channel 4 Television (1993-)" color: ch4tv
bar:Satellite from: 1986 till: 1990 text:"IBA ('86-'90)" color: iba from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:Cable from: 1984 till: 1990 text:"CA ('84-'90)" color: cable from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:'Taste' from: 1988 till: 2003 text:"BSC (1990-2003)" color: taste from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:Spectrum at: start align:left $whitearr from: start till: 1969 text:"General Post Office (1949-1969)" color: gpo from: 1969 till: 1974 text:"MPT* ('69–'74)" color: mpt from: 1974 till: 1990 text:"Home Office (1974–1990)" color: ho from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"RA (1990-2003)" color: ra from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:S4C from: 1983 till: end text:"Welsh Fourth Channel Authority (1982-)" color: s4c
bar:BBC at: start align:left $whitearr from: start till: end text:"BBC (1922–)" color: bbc
</timeline>
* Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications [1]
Alongside the ITC, two other independent bodies also dealt with complaints: the Broadcasting Complaints Commission dealt with injustices against individuals, whereas the Broadcasting Standards Council dealt with complaints about the moral content of programs, with no redress for individuals.
Historically, all of independent television (from 22 September 1955) and radio (from 8th October 1973) was governed by the IBA (Independent Broadcasting Authority) – joined by the Cable Authority in 1984. On 1 July 1985, the Home Secretary asked the IBA to review prospects for commercial DBS.
In 1988, the Broadcasting Standards Council was set up to monitor 'taste and decency' on television. In 1990, large-scale changes brought about the Radio Authority, the privatization of the IBA's engineering division as NTL, and formation of the Independent Television Commission.
Until 1st January 2007, the BBC was responsible for its own governance through the Board of Governors. However, the Corporation is now governed by the BBC Trust under the Chairmanship of Sir Michael Lyons.
