Humour

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Humour or humor (see spelling differences) is the ability or quality of people, objects, or situations to evoke feelings of amusement in other people. The term encompasses a form of entertainment or human communication which evokes such feelings, or which makes people laugh or feel happy. The origin of the term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours (Greek: χυμός, chymos, literally: juice or sap, metaphorically: flavour) controlled human health and emotion.

A sense of humour is the ability to experience humour, a quality which all people share,[1] although the extent to which an individual will personally find something humorous depends on a host of absolute and relative variables, including geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education, intelligence, and context. For example, young children (of any background) may possibly favour slapstick, such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or cartoons e.g. Tom and Jerry. Satire may rely more on understanding the target of the humour, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences.[1] Non-satirical humour can be specifically termed "recreational drollery".[2][3]

Image:Eduard von Grützner Falstaff.jpg
Smiling often reflects a sense of humour and amusement. Shown here is a painting by Eduard von Grützner.


Contents

[edit] Techniques for composing humour

Humour is a branch of rhetoric, there are hundreds of tropes that can be used to make jokes.

[edit] Non-verbal

[edit] Understanding humour

Humour can be defined as occurring:[4]

  • Researcher Thomas Veatch says that when an alternative or surprising shift in perception or answer is given, that still shows relevance and can explain a situation.
  • when we laugh at something that points out another's inferiority
  • Dr. Lisa Rosenberg says that humour can occur when sudden relief occurs from a tense situation

The term "humourific" as formerly applied in comedy referred to the interpretation of the sublime and the ridiculous. In this context, humour is often a subjective experience as it depends on a special mood or perspective from its audience to be effective. Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of the term (the German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy.

Language is an approximation of thoughts through symbolic manipulation, and the gap between the expectations inherent in those symbols and the break of those expectations leads to emotions such as laughter.[citation needed]. Irony is explicitly this form of comedy, whereas slapstick takes more passive social norms relating to physicality and plays with them[citation needed]. In other words, comedy can be a sign of a 'bug' in the symbolic make-up of language, as well as a self-correcting mechanism for such bugs[citation needed]. Once the problem in meaning has been described through a joke, people immediately begin correcting their impressions of the symbols that have been mocked. This is one explanation why jokes are often funny only when told the first time.

Another explanation is that humour frequently contains an unexpected, often sudden, shift in perspective. Nearly anything can be the object of this perspective twist. This, however is in the areas of human creativity (science and art being the other two) that use structure mapping (then termed "bisociation" by Koestler) to create novel meanings[5]. He argues that humour results when two different frames of reference are set up and a collision is engineered between them.

Tony Veale, who is taking a more formalised computational approach than Koestler did, has written on the role of metaphor and metonymy in humour[6][7][8], using inspiration from Koestler as well as from Dedre Gentner´s theory of structure-mapping, George Lakoff´s and Mark Johnson´s theory of conceptual metaphor and Mark Turner´s and Gilles Fauconnier´s theory of conceptual blending.

Some claim that humour cannot or should not be explained. Author F. B. White once said that "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind." However, attempts to do just that have been made.

[edit] Evolution of humour

As with any form of art, the same goes for humor, acceptance depends on social demographics and varies from person to person. Throughout history comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the far east. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm.18th-century German author Georg Lichtenberg said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness."

[edit] Sources of humor

The source of humor is believed to be the natural male-hormone - testosterone[9]. Since this hormone is responsible for various characteristics, such as aggression, jokes made by men tend to be more aggressive, sometimes repetitive and predictable. According to prof. Sam Shuster, professor at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, the younger the man is, the more aggressive his jokes are.

[edit] Evolution and humor

Sight gags and language-based humour activate the two regions in the human brain known to have von Economo neurons, a specialization in neuron form that has evolved in the last 15 million years. This suggests that humour may have coevolved with the ability of great apes and humans to navigate through a shifting and complex social space.[10]

[edit] Humour formulae

This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2006)

Root components:

Methods:

Rowan Atkinson explains in his lecture in the documentary Funny Business".[11], that an object or a person can become funny in three different ways. They are:

  • By being in an unusual place
  • By behaving in an unusual way
  • By being the wrong size

Most sight gags fit into one or more of these categories.

Humour is also sometimes described as an ingredient in spiritual life. Humour is also the act of being funny. Some synonyms of funny or humour are hilarious, knee-slapping, spiritual, wise-minded, outgoing, and amusing. Some Masters have added it to their teachings in various forms. A famous figure in spiritual humour is the laughing Buddha, who would answer all questions with a laugh[citation needed].

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b BMJ-British Medical Journal (2007, December 23). Humor Develops From Aggression Caused By Male Hormones, Professor Says. ScienceDaily. Retrieved on 2007-12-23.
  2. ^ Seth Benedict Graham A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSO-SOVIET ANEKDOT 2003 p.13
  3. ^ Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World [1941, 1965]. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press p.12
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ Koestler, Arthur (1964): "The Act of Creation".
  6. ^ Veale, Tony (2003): "Metaphor and Metonymy: The Cognitive Trump-Cards of Linguistic Humor"[2]
  7. ^ Veale, Tony (2006): "The Cognitive Mechanisms of Adversarial Humor"[3]
  8. ^ Veale, Tony (2004): "Incongruity in Humour: Root Cause of Epiphenomonon?"[4]
  9. ^ Humor Comes from Testosterone
  10. ^ Watson KK, Matthews BJ, Allman JM (2007). "Brain activation during sight gags and language-dependent humor". Cereb Cortex 17 (2): 314–24. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj149. PMID 16514105.
  11. ^ Rowan Atkinson/David Hinton, Funny Business (tv series), Episode 1 - aired 22 November 1992, UK, Tiger Television Productions

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

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