Homo (genus)

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Homo
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Subfamily: Homininae Tribe: Hominini Subtribe: Hominina Genus: Homo Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Homo sapiens See text for extinct species.

Homo is the genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives. The genus is estimated to be about 2.5 million years old, evolving from Australopithecine ancestors with the appearance of Homo habilis. Appearance of Homo co-incides with the first evidence of stone tools (the Oldowan industry), and thus by definition with the beginning of the Lower Paleolithic.

All species except Homo sapiens (modern humans) are extinct. Homo neanderthalensis, traditionally considered the last surviving relative, died out 24,000 years ago while a recent discovery suggests that another species, Homo floresiensis, may have lived as recently as 12,000 years ago.

A minority of zoologists consider that the two species of chimpanzees (usually treated in the genus Pan), and maybe the gorillas (usually treated in the genus Gorilla) should also be included in the genus based on genetic similarities. Most scientists argue that chimpanzees and gorillas have too many anatomical differences between themselves and humans to be part of Homo. Given the large number of morphological similarities exhibited, Homo is closely related to several extinct hominin genera, most notably Kenyanthropus, Paranthropus and Australopithecus. As of 2007, there is no universally accepted recognition of which taxa Homo radiated from.^{[citation needed]}

The word homo is Latin for "man", in the original sense of "human being", or "person". The word "human" itself is from Latin humanus, an adjective cognate to homo, both derived from Proto-Indo-European language dhǵhem- "earth"[1]. Cf. Hebrew adam, meaning "human", cognate to adamah, meaning "ground". (And cf. Latin humus, meaning "soil".) Both homo/humanus/humus and adam/adamah share a conjectured Nostratic superroot, ad-ham-.

[edit] Species

• †Homo helmei discovered 1935
  • †Homo helmei florisbad (Florisbad Man)
• †Homo njarasensis discovered 1938
• †Homo habilis (Handy Man) discovered 1964
  • †KNM-ER 1813^*
  • †OH 7 (Jonny's child)
• †Homo rudolfensis (Rudolf Man) discovered 1986
  • †KNM-ER 1470
• †Homo ergaster (Working Man) discovered 1975
  • †Homo ergaster groves
  • †KNM-ER 992 discovered 1992
• †Homo erectus or Archanthropus (Upright Man) discovered by Dubois, 1892
  • †Homo erectus capensis discovered by Broom & Robinson, 1949
  • †Homo erectus erectus discovered by Dubois, 1892-1894
  • †Homo erectus javensis or Pithecanthropus erectus (Java Man) discovered by von Koenigswald, 1936
  • †Homo erectus hexianensis
  • †Homo erectus lantianensis discovered 1964
  • †Homo erectus leakey discovered by Heberer, 1963
  • †Homo erectus mauritanicus discovered by Arambourg, 1954
  • †Homo erectus modjokertensis discovered von Koenigswald, 1936
  • †Homo erectus paleojavanicus sangiranensis or Meganthropus paleojavanicus discovered by Sartono, 1976
  • †Homo erectus pekinensis or Sinanthropus pekinensis (Peking Man) discovered by Black & Zdansky, 1927
  • †Homo erectus petraloniensis 1986
  • †Homo erectus soloensis or Javanthropus soloensis
  • †Homo erectus trigliensis 1966
  • †Homo erectus trinilis
  • †OH 9 (Chellean man)
• †Homo atlanthropus (Atlantos Man)
  • †Homo atlanthropus algericus (Algeria Atlantos Man)
  • †Homo atlanthropus mauritanicus (Mauritania Atlantos Man)
• †Homo floresiensis (Flores Man — discovered 2003-2004. Species status remains under debate)
  • †LB1 (Hobbit Man)
• †Homo rhodesiensis (Rhodesia Man) discovered 1921
  • †Homo rhodesiensis kabwe
• †Homo georgicus (Georgia Man, discovered 2002-2003)
  • †D211
  • †D2280
  • †D2282
  • †D2600
  • †D2700
  • †D2735
• †Homo antecessor (Predecessor Man)
  • †Homo antecessor castros
• †Homo cepranensis (Ceprano Man) discovered 2003
  • †Homo cepranensis ceprano
• †Homo heidelbergensis (Heidelberg Man) discovered 1908
  • †Homo heidelbergensis mauer
• †Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal Man) discovered 1864
  • †Neandertal (Neanderthal Man)
• Homo sapiens
  • †Homo sapiens archaic (most ancient wise man) discovered 2003
  • †Homo sapiens idaltu (elderly wise man — or Herto man; discovered 1997)
  • †Homo sapiens fossilis (fossil wise man) discovered 1869
  • †Homo sapiens steinheimensis discovered by Berckhemer, 1934
  • Homo sapiens sapiens (Wise Man) discovered 1758
    • †Homo sapiens sapiens palestinus or Cro-Magnon (Wise Man or Palestinian man; early humans) discovered by McCown and Keith, 1932

^* All new discovered subspecies still have not names, only classification numbers.

Homo heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis are closely related to each other and have been considered to be subspecies of H. sapiens, but analysis of mitochondrial DNA from Homo neanderthalensis fossils shows that humans and Neanderthals diverged approximately 400,000 years ago ^[1] H. rhodesiensis and H. cepranensis are also more closely related to each other than to the other species.

Comparative table of Homo species

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Species	Lived when (MYA)	Lived where	Adult length (m)	Adult mass (kg)	Brain volume (cm³)	Fossil record	Discovery / publication of name
H. habilis	2.5–1.5	Africa	1.0–1.5	30–55	600	many	1960/1964
H. rudolfensis	1.9	Kenya				1 skull	1972/1986
H. georgicus	1.8–1.6	Georgia			600	few	1999/2002
H. ergaster	1.9–1.25	E. and S. Africa	1.9		700–850	many	1975
H. erectus	2(1.25)–0.3[citations needed]	Africa, Eurasia (Java, China, Caucasus)	1.8	60	900–1100	many	1891/1892
H. atlanthropus	1.2–0.3	Africa	1.7-1.8	60	1000–1100	many	1954/1955
H. cepranensis	0.8?	Italy			1000	1 skull cap	1994/2003
H. antecessor	0.8–0.35	Spain, England	1.75	90	1000	3 sites	1997
H. heidelbergensis	0.6–0.25	Europe, Africa, China	1.8	60	1100–1400	many	1908
H. neanderthalensis	0.23–0.03	Europe, W. Asia	1.6	55–70 (heavily built)	1200–1700	many	(1829)/1864
H. rhodesiensis	0.3–0.12	Zambia			1300	very few	1921
H. sapiens	0.25–present	worldwide	1.4–1.9	55–80	1000–1850	still living	—/1758
H. sapiens idaltu	0.16–0.15	Ethiopia			1450	3 craniums	1997/2003
H. floresiensis	0.10–0.012	Indonesia	1.0	25	400	7 individuals	2003/2004

[edit] References

• Serre et al. (2004). "No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans". PLoS Biology 2 (3): 313–7. PMID 15024415.

[edit] External links

• Hominid species
• Mikko's Phylogeny archive

v • d • e Part of the series on Human evolution

Hominini Sahelanthropus tchadensis • Orrorin tugenensis • Ardipithecus • Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecines Australopithecus: A. anamensis • A. afarensis • A. bahrelghazali • A. africanus • A. garhi Paranthropus: P. aethiopicus • P. boisei • P. robustus Humans and Proto-humans Homo: H. habilis • H. rudolfensis • H. georgicus • H. ergaster • H. erectus (H. e. lantianensis • H. e. palaeojavanicus • H. e. pekinensis • H. e. soloensis) • H. cepranensis • H. antecessor • H. heidelbergensis • H. neanderthalensis • H. rhodesiensis • H. floresiensis • Homo sapiens (H. s. idaltu • H. s. sapiens) Topics: Timeline of human evolution • List of human evolution fossils • Human evolutionary genetics

v • d • e Apes
Extant family	Hylobatidae · Hominidae	Image:Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg
Extant genera	Hylobates · Hoolock · Nomascus · Symphalangus · Pongo · Gorilla · Pan · Homo
Extant species	Lar Gibbon · Agile Gibbon · Müller's Bornean Gibbon · Silvery Gibbon · Pileated Gibbon · Kloss's Gibbon · Western Hoolock Gibbon · Eastern Hoolock Gibbon · Siamang · Black Crested Gibbon · Eastern Black Crested Gibbon · White-cheeked Crested Gibbon · Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon · Bornean Orangutan · Sumatran Orangutan · Western Gorilla · Eastern Gorilla · Common Chimpanzee · Bonobo · Human
Ape study	Aquatic ape hypothesis · Ape language · Ape Trust · Dian Fossey · Birutė Galdikas · Jane Goodall · Chimpanzee genome project · Human genome project
Legal status	Personhood · Research ban · Declaration · Kinshasa Declaration · Great Ape Project · Survival Project
See also...	Bushmeat · Ape extinction · List of notable apes · List of fictional apes · Human evolution · Mythic Humanoids · Hominid · Planet of the Apes

als:Homo (Mensch)

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