Halal

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Halal (حلال, ḥalāl, halaal) is an Arabic term meaning "permissible". In the English language it most frequently refers to food that is permissible according to Islamic law. [{fact}} In the Arabic language it refers to anything that is permissible under Islam.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] "Halal" the word

The use of the term varies between Arabic-speaking communities and non-Arabic-speaking ones.

In Arabic-speaking countries, the term is used to describe anything permissible under Islamic law, in contrast to haraam, that which is forbidden. This includes human behavior, speech communication, clothing, conduct, manner and dietary laws.^[1]

In non-Arabic-speaking countries, the term is most commonly used in the narrower context of just Muslim dietary laws, especially where meat and poultry are concerned, though it can be used for the more general meaning, as well.^[2] This dichotomy of usage is similar to the Hebrew term kosher.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Varying forms of Halal

[edit] Dhabiĥa Halal

Adherents to this philosophy maintain that in order for food to be considered halal, it must not be a forbidden substance and any meat must have been slaughtered according to traditional guidelines set forth by the Sunnah, known as dhabiĥa. This is the strictest definition of Halal.

[edit] Kosher and Halal

There is a great deal of similarity between the laws of Dhabiĥa halal and kashrut, and there are also various differences. Whether or not Muslims can use kashrut standards as a replacement for halal standards is an ongoing debate, and the answer depends largely on the individual being asked.[3] However, most Muslim authorities believe the terms are not interchangeable.[4].

More information can be found at Comparison of Dhabiĥa Halal and kashrut.

[edit] Explicitly forbidden substances

A variety of substances are considered forbidden (haraam) as per various Quranic verses:

• Pork, or any pig-based products (e.g., gelatine)^{[Qur'an 2:173]}
• Blood^{[Qur'an 2:173]}
• Animals slaughtered in the name of anyone but God (there are debates regarding the permissibility of meat slaughtered by Jews, i.e., kosher meat).^{[Qur'an 2:173]}
• Carrion^{[Qur'an 5:3]}
• "Fanged beasts of prey" as per the Sunnah, usually simplified to all carnivorous animals, with the exception of most fish and sea animals^{[citation needed]}
• All intoxicants (especially alcohol).^{[Qur'an 2:219]}

There is some disagreement among Muslims regarding seafood, especially predatory sea creatures. IFANCA (Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America) states, regarding the opinion of Islamic scholars:^[3]

• All are in agreement that fish with scales are halal
• Sunnis consider all fish to be halal, while some Shias consider some fish haraam.^[4] Within mostly the Hanafi School of thought, there is a strong position that shellfish (shrimp, lobster, crab, clams, etc.) are prohibited^{[citation needed]}.

• Most agree that frogs are haraam due to the prohibition of killing them in hadith.^{[citation needed]} In fact it is common belief among Southeast Asian Muslims that animals who live on both land and sea (such as amphibians, some reptiles, and some species of bird) are off limits.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Halal in non-Islamic countries

In Dearborn, Michigan, United States, home to one of the largest Muslim and Arab populations in the United States, a number of fast food chains like McDonald's introduced halal chicken nuggets. [5]

Recent laws passed in the United States have made it illegal to sell, distribute, and/or produce food that has been mislabeled "halal," when it is determined that the food does not meet Islamic dietary standards. Similar laws protect kosher foods [6]. Some were struck down by the courts as an unconstitutional sanction of religious provisions^{[citation needed]}, but others were upheld as consumer protection regulations^{[citation needed]}. See Kashrut.

McDonald's is intending to offer Halal meals in the United Kingdom with two of its franchises currently on trial, offering this service.^{[citation needed]} This comes after success in Australia, where sales doubled as a result of McDonald's changing a restaurant to cater to the needs of Muslims. All McDonald's Restaurants in Singapore, Malaysia and South Africa are Halal certified. ^[5]

Depending on which definition of halal a Muslim chooses to adhere to, and the strictness with which the person chooses to adhere to it, living in a non-Muslim country can pose minimal or great difficulty.

[edit] Dhabiĥa Halal

Dhabiĥa halal is relatively difficult to adhere to in a non-Muslim country:

• Depending on the presence or absence of a significant Muslim population in the area, finding grocery stores, meat stores, and restaurants which serve/sell dhabiĥa halal foods can be extremely difficult.

• The abundance of pork and non-dhabiha meats at restaurants presents a rather difficult problem to overcome. While a Muslim will not order a non-dhabiĥa halal dish, there is a concern about cross-contamination. This is likely to occur when the dhabiĥa halal dish is prepared with the same cooking tools as other non-dhabiĥa halal dishes. Food and juices from the two dishes are likely to be exchanged, technically rendering the dhabiĥa halal dish as haraam.

• Many apparently meat-free dishes, and even some desserts, contain pork, gelatin, or other non-conforming substances. There is also a concern in the Muslim community about food additives such as monosodium glutamate (MSG) that may use enzymes derived from pig fat in the production process. It is very difficult to avoid such food additives as they are widely used and are not declared on restaurant menus.

• Alcohol, especially wine, is frequently used in cooking. It is largely used in sauces and cakes, and is also present as an ingredient in vanilla and other extracts. Some contend that this is not a concern, so long as the alcohol has been thoroughly burned off in the cooking process.

Since the turn of the century, there have been efforts to create organizations such as the Muslim Consumer Group that certify food products as halal for Muslim consumers.

[edit] See also

• Harām
• Islamic dietary laws
• Istihlal
• Ḏabīḥah
• Kashrut
• Clean animals
• Unclean animals
• Taboo food and drink

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Muslim method of slaughtering
• Answering criticism of the concept
• Answering criticism
• What Is Halal?
• Halal killing may be banned The Guardian
• Consumers increasingly perceive kosher and halal food as safer Scientist Live
• Halal Directory
• Muslim Consumer Group Websitear:مباح

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