Sharif of Mecca
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The Sharif of Mecca (Arabic:شريف مكة) or Sharif of Hejaz (Arabic:شريف الحجاز) was the title of the former governors of Hejaz and a traditional steward of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. The term Sharif means noble in Arabic, and indicates descent from Muhammad through his grandson al-Hassan ibn Ali.
The sharif was charged with protecting the cities and their environs and ensuring the safety of pilgrims performing the Hajj. The title is sometimes spelled Sheriff or Sherif, with the latter variant used, for example, by T.E. Lawrence in Seven Pillars of Wisdom. The common-law political and legal office of sheriff found in some anglophone countries is unrelated.
The office of the Sharifate of Mecca dates back to the late Abbasid era. Since 1201, the Sharifate was held by a member of the Hawashim clan, not to be confused with the larger clan of Banu Hashim to which all Sharifs claim descent. Descendants of this family continued to hold the position until the Twentieth Century on behalf of various Muslim powers including the Ayyubids and the Mamelukes. In 1517, the Sharif acknowledged the supremacy of the Ottoman Caliph, but maintained a great degree of local autonomy. During the Ottoman era, the Sharifate expanded its authority northwards to include Medina, and southwards to the frontiers of 'Asir, and regularly raided Nejd.
The Sharifate came to an end shortly after the reign of Hussein bin Ali, who rebelled against the Ottoman rule during the Arab Revolt of 1916. After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in 1918 and its subsequent dissolution in 1923, Hussein declared himself Caliph. The British granted control over the newly formed states of Iraq and Transjordan to his sons Faisal and Abdullah. In 1924, however, in the face of increasing attacks by Ibn Saud, Hussein abdicated his secular titles to his eldest son, Ali bin Hussein, who was to become the last Grand Sharif. At the end of 1924, the Ibn Saud conquered the Hejaz and expelled the Hashemites. The House of Saud has since exercised [1]stewardship over the holy cities and the Hajj.
[edit] List of Sharifs of Mecca
[edit] Adam
(From Islamic Doctrine)
[edit] Abrahamic Period
- Abraham
- Ishmael (Married Sayyida Bint Mudad a lady from the neigboring tribe of Jurhum)
- Nabat Bin Ishmael (Son of Ishmael)
[edit] Jurhum Period
[edit] Khuza'a Period
[edit] Quraish Period (Descendents of Ishmael)
- Qusai
- Abdul Muttaleb
- Abu Sufyan
[edit] Prophet Muhammad's and Caliph Abu Bakr's Period
- Attab Bin Usaid Al-Umawi (Appointed at age 20 with a salary of 1 dirham a day)
[edit] Caliph Umar Bin Khattab's Period
- Muhriz Bin Harithah
- Funquth Bin Judaan Al-Tamimi
- Nafi Al Khuzai (Governor and Judge)
- Khaled Al Makhzoumi (Governor and Judge)
[edit] Caliph Uthman Bin Affan's Period
- Abdullah Bin Aamar al-Hadhrami
[edit] Caliph Ali Bin Abi Talib's Period
- Abdullah Bin Aamar al-Hadhrami (Rebelled against the Caliph)
- Qathm Bin Al-Abbas (Appointed him over Mecca, Medina and Taif)
[edit] Caliph Muawiya Bin Abi Sufyan's Period (661-680)
[edit] Caliph Yazid Bin Muawiya, Caliph Muawiya Bin Yazid and Caliph Abdullah Bin Zubair's period
- Al-Harith Bin Khaled Al-Makhzoumi (working under Amr Bin Saeed Bin Al-Aas the Governor of Medina and Mecca on behalf of Yazid)
- Abdullah Bin Zubair (After the death of Caliph Muawiya Bin Yazid, people declared him to be Caliph and he exerted direct control of Mecca since he was based there.)
[edit] Caliph Abdul Malik Bin Marwan's Period
- al-Hajjaj bin Yousef
- Maslama bin Abdul-Malik
- Al-Harith Bin Khaled Al-Makhzoumi
[edit] Caliph Al-Walid Bin Abdul Malik's Period
- Khaled Al-Qusari
[edit] Caliph Sulaiman Bin Abdul Malik and Caliph Umar Bin Abdul Aziz's Period
- Abdul Aziz Bin Abdullah Bin Usaid Al-Umawi
[edit] Pre-Ayyubid Dynasty
- Muhammed Abu-Jafar Al-Thalab (The fox) (967 - 980)
- Sharif Essa (980 - 994)
- Sharif Abu Al-Futooh (994 - 1039)
- Sharif Shukrul-Din (1039 - 1061)
- Abul-Hashim ibn Muhammed (1061 - 1094)
- Ibn Abul-Hashim Al-Thalab (1094 - 1201)
[edit] During Ayyubid Empire (1174) - (1254)
- Ibn Abul-Hashim Al-Thalab (1094 - 1201)
- Qatada Abul-Aziz (1201 - 1220)
- Ibn Qatada Al-Hashimi (1220 - 1241)
- Al-Hassan abul-Saad (1241 - 1254)
[edit] During Mamluk Empire (1254) - (1517)
- Muhammed abul-Nubaj (1254 - 1301) First Mamluk Sharif after the fall of Ayyubid Empire
- Rumaitha Abul-Rada (1301 - 1346)
- Aljan Abul-Sarjah (1346 - 1375)
- Al-Hassan II (1394 - 1425)
- Barakat I (1425 - 1455)
- Malik ul-Adil ibn Muhammed ibn Barakat (1455 - 1497)
- Barakat II bin Muhammed (Barakat Efendi) (1497 - 1525) , Built the first Walls of Jeddah by order of Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri
[edit] During Ottoman Empire (1517) - (1916)
- Barakat Efendi (1497 - 1525) , First Ottoman Sharif ,Hejaz became an ottoman state after the fall of Cairo to sultan Selim I.
- Muhammed Abul-Nubaj bin Barakat (1525-1583) , Rebuilt the walls of Jeddah in 1525 following the victory over Portuguese Armada in the Red Sea
- Al-Hassan bin Muhammad Abul-Nubaj (1583-1601)
- Idris bin Al-Hassan (1601-1610)
- Muhsin bin Hussein (1610-1628)
- Ahmed bin Talib Al-Hasan (1628-1629)
- Masud bin Idris (Masut Efendi) (1629-1630)
- Abdullah bin Hassan (1630 - 1631)
- Zeid bin Muhsin (1631 - 1666)
- Saad bin Zeid (1666 - 1667)
- Muhsin bin Ahmed (1667 - 1668)
- Saad bin Zeid (1668 - 1670)
- Homud bin Abdullah bin Al-Hasan (1670 - 1670)
- Saad bin Zeid (1670 - 1671)
- Barakat bin Muhammed (1672 - 1682)
- Said bin Barakat (1682 - 1683)
- Ibrahim bin Muhammed (1683 - 1684)
- Ahmed bin Zeid (1684 - 1688)
- Ahmed bin Ghalib (1688 - 1689)
- Muhsin bin Ahmed (1689 - 1691)
- Said bin Saad (1691 - 1693)
- Saad bin Zeid (1693 - 1694)
- Abdullah bin Hashim (1694 - 1694)
- Saad bin Zeid (1694 - 1702)
- Said bin Saad (1702 - 1704)
- Abdulmuhsin bin Ahmad (1704 - 1704)
- Abdulkarim bin Muhammed (1704 - 1705)
- Said bin Saad (1705 - 1705)
- Abdulkarim bin Muhammed (1705 - 1711)
- Said bin Saad (1711 - 1717)
- Abdullah bin Said (1717 - 1718)
- Ali bin Said (1718 - 1718)
- Yahya bin Barakaat (1718 - 1719)
- Mubarak bin Ahmad (1719 - 1722)
- Barakaat bin Yahya (1722 - 1723)
- Mubarak bin Ahmad (1723 - 1724)
- Abdullah bin Said (1724 - 1731)
- Muhammed bin Abdullah (1731 - 1732)
- Masud bin Said (1732 - 1733)
- Muhammed bin Abdullah (1733 - 1734)
- Masud bin Said (1734 - 1759)
- Jafar bin Said (1759 - 1760)
- Musa'ed bin Said (1760 - 1770)
- Ahmad bin Said (1770 - 1770)
- Abdullah bin Hussein (1770 - 1773)
- Surour bin Musa'ed (1773 - 1788)
- Abdulmuin bin Musa'ed (1788 - 1788)( Appointed by Saud Ibn Abdul Aziz Ibn Muhammad Ibn Saud a ruler of the First Saudi State)
- Ghalib Efendi bin Musa'ed (1788 - 1803)
- Yahya bin Surour (1803 - 1813) (jailed in Istanbul during war)
- Ghalib Efendi bin Musa'ed (1813 - 1827)
- Abdulmutalib bin Ghalib (1827 - 1827)
- Muhammed bin Abdulmuin (1827 - 1851)
- Abdulmutalib bin Ghalib (1851 - 1856)
- Muhammed bin Abdulmuin (1856 - 1858)
- Abdullah Kamil Pasha (1858 - 1877)
- Hussein bin Muhammed (1877 - 1880)
- Abdulmutalib bin Ghalib (1880 - 1882)
- Aun Al-Rafiq Pasha (1882 - 1905)
- Ali Abdullah Pasha (1905 - 1908)
- Hussein bin Ali Pasha (1908 - 1916) (King Hussein later)
- Ali Haidar Pasha (1916 - 1917)
[edit] During Kingdom of Hejaz (1916) - (1926)
- King Hussein bin Ali (1916 - 1924) (Hussein Pasha before)
- King Ali bin Hussein (1924 - 1925)
[edit] During Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Al-Saud (1926 - 1953)
Who formally abolished the Sharifate and installed his son to be governor of the region.
- Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud
- Mishaal Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud (1963-1971)
- Fawwaz Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud(1971-1980)
- Majid Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud (1980-2000)- Appointed after the crisis in the Holy Mosque
- Abdul Majeed Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud (2000-2007)
- Khaled Bin Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud (2007-Present)
[edit] References
de:Liste der Großscherifendv:މައްކާގެ ޝަރީފު es:Jerife de La Meca fr:Chérif de la Mecque nl:Sjarief van Mekka pl:Szarif
