Giulio Andreotti
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Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party who served as Prime Minister of Italy 1972-1973, 1976-1979 and 1989-1992. He also served as Minister of the Interior (1954 and 1978), Defense Minister (1959-1966 and 1974) and Foreign Minister (1983-1989). He is also a journalist and author.
He studied law in Rome. During his formative political years, he was tightly connected to the Christian Democratic Leader Alcide De Gasperi. Andreotti has sat in Parliament without interruption since 1946, when he was elected to the Constituent Assembly. He was almost continuously re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies, until President Francesco Cossiga appointed him Senator for life in 1991.
He was the last Christian Democratic prime minister of Italy, serving from 1989 to 1992. His last term was marred by the revelation of the corruption which ultimately destroyed the party. On October 24, 1990, Giulio Andreotti acknowledged before the Chamber of Deputies the existence of Operazione Gladio, a NATO secret anti-communist structure. During the first stages of Tangentopoli he was left untouched but in April 1993 he was investigated for having mafia relations. In 1994 the party of which he was a predominant figure vanished from the political sphere.
Andreotti was investigated for his role in the 1979 murder of Mino Pecorelli, a journalist who had published allegations that Andreotti had ties to the Mafia and to the kidnapping of Prime Minister of Italy Aldo Moro. A court acquitted him in 1999 after a case that lasted three years, but he was convicted on appeal in November 2002 and sentenced to twenty-four-years imprisonment. The eighty-three-year-old Andreotti was immediately released pending an appeal. On October 30, 2003, an appeals court over-turned the conviction and acquitted Andreotti of the original murder charge. That same year, the court of Palermo acquitted him of ties to the Mafia, but only on grounds of expiration of statutory terms. The court established that Andreotti had indeed had strong ties to the Mafia until 1980, and had used them to further his political career to such an extent as to be considered a component of the Mafia itself. Most of the evidence in both trials had come from the late Mafia informant Tommaso Buscetta.
As of 2005, he regularly writes articles for Corriere della Sera. He also recorded a TV spot for 3 mobile company, which began airing in November 2005.
After the April 2006 general election, Andreotti, aged 87, accepted to be the candidate for the Presidency of the Senate for Berlusconi's House of Freedoms alliance that was still governing at the time. He was opposed by The Union's Franco Marini and lost to him 156 votes to 165.
On February, 21, 2007 he abstained from a vote in the Senate concerning Minister D'Alema's report on foreign politics. This choice, together with the abstentions of the other life senator Sergio Pininfarina and of two communist senators, caused the government to lose the vote: as a consequence, Prime Minister Romano Prodi resigned. In previous occasions, Andreotti had always supported Prodi's government with his vote: given his close vicinity to the high ranks of the Catholic Church, the abstention of Andreotti was read by many as a sort of warning delivered by the Conferenza Episcopale Italiana to the government, that in those same days was pushing ahead a proposal for legal recognition of unmarried couples, including same-sex couples. (See Recognition of gay unions in Italy.)
He is called sometimes Divo Giulio (from Latin Divus Iulius, "divine Julius", an epithet of Julius Caesar) because of his authority and importance in the history of Italian republican politics.
[edit] Quotes
- In response to opposition politician Giancarlo Pajetta, who had claimed that "power wears out", Andreotti responded "Power wears out those who don't have it". The sentence became proverbial and is widely recognized in Italy.
- On Gladio: "Gladio had been necessary during the days of the Cold War but, in view of the collapse of the East Block, Italy would suggest to Nato that the organization was no longer necessary."
- "You sin in thinking bad about people—but, often, you guess right."
- "Never over-dramatise things, everything can be fixed; keep a certain detachment from everything; the important things in life are very few"
[edit] Popular culture
- The fictional character Don Licio Lucchesi from The Godfather Part III movie, a high-rank Italian politician closely bound to the mafia, was modeled on Andreotti.
- A joke about Andreotti had him receiving a phone call from a fellow party member, who pleaded with him to attend judge Giovanni Falcone's funeral. His friend supposedly begged: "The State must give an answer to the Mafia, and you are one of the top authorities in it!". To which Andreotti answered puzzled, "Which one do you mean?"
- The Italian satirical magazine Cuore referred to Andreotti as Giulio "Lavazza", where Lavazza is a leading Italian brand of coffee. This was a hint of an alleged involvement of Andreotti in the assassination of banker and felon Michele Sindona, killed in jail with a poisoned espresso.
[edit] External links
- "Les procès Andreotti en Italie" ("The Andreotti trials in Italy") by Philippe Foro, published by University of Toulouse II, Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immédiate (Study group on contemporary history) (French).
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Amintore Fanfani | Italian Minister of the Interior 1954 | Succeeded by Mario Scelba |
| Preceded by Antonio Segni | Italian Minister of Defense 1959–1966 | Succeeded by Roberto Tremelloni |
| Preceded by Emilio Colombo | Prime Minister of Italy 1972–1973 | Succeeded by Mariano Rumor |
| Preceded by Mario Tanassi | Italian Minister of Defense 1974 | Succeeded by Arnaldo Forlani |
| Preceded by Aldo Moro | Prime Minister of Italy 1976–1979 | Succeeded by Francesco Cossiga |
| Preceded by Francesco Cossiga | Italian Minister of the Interior 1978 | Succeeded by Virginio Rognoni |
| Preceded by Emilio Colombo | Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs 1983–1989 | Succeeded by Gianni De Michelis |
| Preceded by Ciriaco De Mita | Prime Minister of Italy 1989–1992 | Succeeded by Giuliano Amato |
Prime ministers of Italy | ||
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Italy | Cavour · Ricasoli · Rattazzi · Farini · Minghetti · La Marmora · Ricasoli · Rattazzi · Menabrea · Lanza · Minghetti · Depretis · Cairoli · Depretis · Cairoli · Depretis · Crispi · Starrabba · Giolitti · Crispi · Starrabba · Pelloux · Saracco · Zanardelli · Giolitti · Tittoni · Fortis · Sonnino · Giolitti · Sonnino · Luzzatti · Giolitti · Salandra · Boselli · Orlando · Nitti · Giolitti · Bonomi · Facta · Mussolini · Badoglio · Bonomi · Parri · De Gasperi | Image:CoA fam ITA savoia.svg Image:Italy-Emblem.svg |
| Italian Republic | De Gasperi · Pella · Fanfani · Scelba · Segni · Zoli · Fanfani · Segni · Tambroni · Fanfani · Leone · Moro · Leone · Rumor · Colombo · Andreotti · Rumor · Moro · Andreotti · Cossiga · Forlani · Spadolini · Fanfani · Craxi · Fanfani · Goria · De Mita · Andreotti · Amato · Ciampi · Berlusconi · Dini · Prodi · D'Alema · Amato · Berlusconi · Prodi | |
Craxi II Cabinet (1986 - 1987) | |
|---|---|
| Forlani | Vizzini | Granelli | Fabbri | Zamberletti | Gaspari | De Vito| | Mammì | Andreotti | Scalfaro | Rognoni | Romita | Visentini | Goria | Spadolini | Falcucci | Nicolazzi | Pandolfi | Signorile | Gava | Zenone | Donat-Cattin | Formica | Degan | Darida | Gullotti | De Michelis | Capria | De Lorenzo | |
Fanfani VI Cabinet (1987 - 1987) | |
|---|---|
| Paladin | Granelli | De Vito | Andreotti | Scalfaro | Rognoni | Goria | Gaspari | Guarino | Falucci | Zamberletti | Pandolfi | Travaglini | Gava | Donat-Cattin | Piga | Sarcinelli | Degan | Darida | Gorrieri | Gullotti | Di Lazzaro | Pavan | |
Goria Cabinet (1987 - 1988) | |
|---|---|
| Amato | Gunnella | Iervolino | La Pergola | Gaspari | Ruberti | Santuz | Tognoli | Mattarella | Andreotti | Fanfani | Vassalli | Colombo | Gava | Zanone | Galloni | De Rose | Pandolfi | Mannino | Mammì | Battaglia | Donat-Cattin | Ruggiero | Prandini | Vizzini | Carraro | Ruffolo | Formica | |
De Mita Cabinet (1988 - 1989) | |
|---|---|
| De Michelis | Maccanico | Iervolino | Lattanzio | La Pergola | Cirino Pomicino | Gaspari | Mattarella | Togonli | Andreotti | Gava | Vassalli | Fanfani | Colombo | Amato | Zanone | Galloni | Ferri | Mannino | Mammì | Santuz | Battaglia | Donat-Cattin | Ruggiero | Prandini | Formica | Fracanzani | Bono Parrino | Carraro | Ruffolo | Ruberti | |
Andreotti VI Cabinet (1989 - 1991) | |
|---|---|
| Martelli | Maccanico | Iervolino | Romita | Lattanzio | Gaspari | Misasi | Marongiu | Conte | Sterpa | Gava | De Michelis | Scotti | Vassalli | Formica | Cirino Pomicino | Carli | Martinazzoli | Rognoni | Mattarella | Bianco | Prandini | Mannino | Saccomandi | Bernini | Mammì | Battaglia | De Lorenzo | Ruggiero | Vizzini | Fracanzani | Piga | Donat-Cattin | Facchiano | Carraro | Tognoli | Ruffolo | Ruberti | |
Andreotti VII Cabinet (1991 - 1992) | |
|---|---|
| Martelli | D'Onofrio | Iervolino | Romita | Capria | Gaspari | Mannino | Boniver | Conte | Sterpa | Martinazzoli | De Michelis | Scotti | Cirino Pomicino | Formica | Carli | Rognoni | Misasi | Prandini | Goria | Bernini | Vizzini | Bodrato | De Lorenzo | Facchiano | Marini | Tognoli | Ruberti | Ruffolo | Lattanzio | |
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