Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
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Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (25 March 1541 – 17 October 1587) was the second Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1574 to 1587.
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[edit] Biography
Born in Florence, he was the son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Eleonora di Toledo, and served as regent for his father starting in 1564.
On December 18, 1565, he married Johanna of Austria, youngest daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary, after among others Princess Elizabeth of Sweden had ben considered. By all reports, it was not a happy marriage. Joanna was homesick for her native Austria, and Francesco was neither charming nor faithful. Joanna died at the age of thirty in 1578.
Soon after the Grand Duchess Joanna had died, Francesco went on to marry his Venetian mistress, Bianca Cappello, after aptly disposing of her husband, a Florentine bureaucrat. Because of the quick remarriage and similar occurrences among the Medici (Francesco's younger brother Pietro had reportedly killed his wife), rumors spread up that Francesco and Bianca had conspired to poison Johanna. Francesco reportedly built and decorated Villa Medicea di Pratolino for Bianca. She was, however, not always popular among Florentines. They had no children, but Francesco adopted her daughter by first marriage Pellegrina (1564- ?) and her son Antonio (August 29 1576 - May 2 1621), who was first adopted as newborn child by Bianca Cappello with the intention to present him to Francesco as "own child" by means of changeling.
Like his father, Francesco was often despotic, but while Cosimo had known how to maintain Florentine independence, Francesco acted more like a vassal of his father-in-law, the emperor, and subsequent Holy Roman Emperors. He continued the heavy taxation of his subjects in order to pay large sums to the empire.
He had an amateur's interest in manufacturing and sciences. He founded porcelain and stoneware manufacture, but these did not thrive until after his death. He continued his father's patronage of the arts, supporting artists and building the Medici Theater as well as founding the Accademia della Crusca. He was also passionately interested in chemistry and alchemy and spent many hours in his private laboratory/curio collection, the Studiolo in the Palazzo Vecchio, which held his collections of natural item and stones and allowed him to dabble in amateur chemistry and alchemical schemes.
Francesco and Bianca died on the same day, possibly poisoned, or as many historians believe, from malarial fever. However, recent forensic evidence uncovered by Italian scientists supports the theory that he and his wife were poisoned [1]. Francesco was succeeded by his younger brother, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
There is a famous portrait of Francesco as a child by Agnolo Bronzino, which hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
Francesco's marriage to Bianca and the couple's death was exploited by Thomas Middleton for his tragedy Women Beware Women (published 1657).
[edit] Ancestors
Francesco I de' Medici ancestors in three generations
| Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano | |||||||||
| Giovanni dalle Bande Nere | |||||||||
| Caterina Sforza | |||||||||
| Cosimo I de' Medici | |||||||||
| Jacopo Salviati | |||||||||
| Maria Salviati | |||||||||
| Lucrezia de' Medici | |||||||||
| Francesco I de' Medici | |||||||||
| Fadrique Alvarez de Toledo | |||||||||
| Pedro Álvarez de Toledo | |||||||||
| Isabel de Zúñiga y Pimentel | |||||||||
| Eleonora di Toledo | |||||||||
| Luis Pimentel y Pacheco | |||||||||
| María Osorio Pimentel | |||||||||
| Juana Osorio y Bazán | |||||||||
[edit] Children
Francesco and Johanna had seven children:
- Eleonora (March 1, 1566 – September 9, 1611), who married Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (1582-1612).
- Romola (November 20, 1568 – December 2, 1568)
- Anna (December 31, 1569 – February 19, 1584)
- Isabella (September 30, 1571 – August 8, 1572)
- Lucrezia (November 7, 1572 – August 14, 1574)
- Maria (1573 – 1642), who became Queen of France by her marriage to Henri IV in 1600.
- Filippo (May 20, 1577 – March 29, 1582)
[edit] Descendants
| Francesco I de' Medici Grand duke of Tuscany | Daughter: Marie de' Medici Queen of France | Granddaughter: Henrietta Maria of France Queen of England | Great-Grandson: Charles II of England King of England, Ireland and Scotland |
[edit] References
- ^ (March 2007) "{{{title}}}". Medioevo (122): pp. 8-9.
- Hibbert, Christopher (1979). The Rise and Fall of the House of Medici. Penguin Books, pp. 269-281.
[edit] External links
- "The Medici Archive Project", from The Medici Archive Project
- "Medici Family History"
- "Toledo-de' Medici, Leonor de (Eleonora)", from The Medici Archive Project
- "Osorio Pimentel, María", from The Medici Archive Project
- "Ancestors of Leonora Alvarez de Toledo", from Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
| Preceded by Cosimo I de' Medici | Grand Duke of Tuscany 1574–1587 | Succeeded by Ferdinando I de' Medici |
el:Φραγκίσκος Α' των Μεδίκων es:Francisco I de Médici fr:François Ier de Médicis it:Francesco I de' Medici la:Franciscus I Medices hu:Francesco de' Medici nl:Francesco I de' Medici ja:フランチェスコ1世・デ・メディチ zh:弗朗切斯科一世 (托斯卡纳)
