Fort Snelling, Minnesota

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Fort Snelling
(U.S. National Historic Landmark)
Image:Fort Snelling Round Tower.JPG Fort Snelling's round tower
Nearest city:	Across Mississippi River from St. Paul, at 7th St. Bridge, St. Paul, Minnesota
Coordinates:	44°53′34″N, 93°10′50″W
Built/Founded:	1819
Architect:	Col. Josiah Snelling
Designated as NHL:	December 19, 1960[1]
Added to NRHP:	October 15, 1966[2]
NRHP Reference#:	66000401
Governing body:	Minnesota Historical Society

Fort Snelling, originally known as Fort St. Anthony, is a former military fortification located at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers in Hennepin County, Minnesota. It is part of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area. The 2000 census listed Fort Snelling as an unorganized territory (a designation it has carried since it was founded) with a total population of 442.

Contents 1 History 2 Geography and transport 3 Demographics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] History

Lt. Zebulon Pike purchased 100,000 acres (400 km²) of land in the area in 1805, though it was more than a decade before significant settlement took place. Following the War of 1812 the federal government built a chain of forts and installed Indian agents between Lake Michigan and the Missouri River. Their primary purpose was to protect the territory from Canadian and British encroachment. The soldiers at these outposts denied non-U.S. citizens commercial use of the rivers, kept American Indian lands free of white settlement until treaties were signed, enforced law and order, and protected legitimate travelers and traders. In this case, they also attempted to keep the peace between the Ojibwe and Dakota people.^[3]

The original installation was constructed between 1820 and 1824 as Fort St. Anthony. During construction, the soldiers lived at Camp Coldwater, which provided drinking water to the fort throughout the 19th century. It received its current name upon its completion in 1824 in honor of Colonel Josiah Snelling, who commanded the regiment that built it, and oversaw its construction. Snelling was considered to be a reasonable commander—when he was sober. He was susceptible to becoming angry when ill from chronic dysentery, and he left the installation in September 1827 when recalled to Washington. He died a year later from complications due to dysentery and a "brain fever".

The fort's doctor began taking weather observations in January 1820. Observations have been recorded continuously in the region ever since, giving the Twin Cities one of the most complete weather records in the country. Observations were made at Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport until 1995, when the local National Weather Service office moved to Chanhassen, Minnesota.

Once the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul were well-established, the need for a forward frontier military post at its location had diminished and the fort was sold to Franklin Steele in 1858 for $90,000. (Fortunately for Steele, the deal included 8000 acres (32 km²) of what would become south Minneapolis.)^[4] But during the Civil War, he leased it back to the government for use as an induction station. After the war was over Steele leased the land to settlers and the city began to grow. The town of Minneapolis became a city in 1867.^[5] After the war, the regular army returned to the fort. They protected the interests of the white settlers from the Dakota people and others from the fort, west to the Rocky mountains, dispatching forces projected for the Indian Wars and the Spanish American War of 1898.^[3]

The fort saw service through World War II, when it was chosen as the location for the Military Intelligence Service Language School, set up to teach the Japanese language to Army personnel. Scores of buildings were constructed for housing and teaching the 300,000 soldiers processed there.^[4][3] It was de-commissioned on October 12, 1946, and parceled out to various federal agencies. The majority of the structures fell into disrepair. In 1960, it was listed as a National Historic Landmark.^[1],^[6]

In the decades since, the area of the original walled fort has been converted to an educational establishment operated by the Minnesota Historical Society, rebuilt to resemble its original appearance, and staffed during the spring, summer and early fall with costumed personnel interpreting life at the early post.

While restoring and re-creating the original fort has assured its survival as a historical artifact for the foreseeable future, many of the more recently-constructed and since-abandoned buildings of the fort have fallen into serious disrepair and neglect. In May of 2006, Fort Snelling's Upper Post was added to the list of "America's Most Endangered Places" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Some restoration on Historic Fort Snelling, however, is currently underway--the flagpole has been removed from the iconic round tower and will be placed in the ground, a change since its opening as a historic fort.

Fort Snelling National Cemetery is located at Fort Snelling; many notable Minnesotans as well as other deceased Minnesotan members of the United States Armed Forces are interred there. The United States Navy honored the fort by naming an amphibious warfare ship the USS Fort Snelling.

[edit] Geography and transport

The Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory, on which the fort is located, is an unincorporated area, a county division of Hennepin County lying just east of the city of Richfield. It is also adjacent to the cities of Minneapolis, Bloomington, St. Paul (across the Mississippi River), and Mendota Heights (across the Minnesota River). The fort is located at the eastern end of the territory, near the confluence of the Mississippi River with the Minnesota River. The territory houses numerous federal facilities, primarily military in nature. Along with the fort and the cemetery, the Minneapolis Veterans Health Administration Medical Center is also located here. However, most of its land area is comprised of the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. According to the United States Census Bureau, this unorganized territory has a total area of 17.2 km² (6.7 mi²). 16.5 km² (6.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 4.65% water.

The federal government still owns some land near the airport. This is the home to Army Reserve, Marine Corps, Naval, and Coast Guard regional Reserve campuses, a golf course, ball fields, and a V.A. hospital. An Air Force Reserve, a Minnesota Air National Guard station, and a federal building are situated on this land. This area is now served by the Hiawatha light-rail line.

[edit] Demographics

As of the census² of 2000, there are 442 people residing in the unorganized territory. The population density is 26.8/km² (69.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the unorganized territory is 94.57% White, 3.62% Black or African American, 1.36% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and none from two or more races. 0.45% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

In the unorganized territory the population is spread out with none under the age of 24, 4.5% from 25 to 44, 33.0% from 45 to 64, and 62.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 69 years.

Males have a median income of $43,558 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the unorganized territory is $24,328. None of the population are below the poverty line.

[edit] See also

• Army on the Frontier
• Dred Scott
• Fort Snelling State Park

[edit] References

• Historic Fort Snelling. Minnesota Historical Society.
• TimePieces Timeline: 1819 U.S. Outpost. Minnesota Historical Society.
• America's 11 Most Endangered Places: Fort Snelling Upper Post
• Photos of Upper Post

[edit] External links

• Three Score Years and Ten - Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and other parts of the West, by Charlotte Ouisconsin Van Cleve. Published in 1888, from Project Gutenberg
• Fort Snelling National Cemetery, Department of Veterans Affairs Official webpage
• Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Official webpage
• Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport Official website
• NHL summary
• National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form - includes description and details on buildings

v • d • e National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
Landmark homes	Charles A. Lindbergh House and Park | F. Scott Fitzgerald House | Frank B. Kellogg House | James J. Hill House | Thorstein Veblen Farmstead | O. E. Rolvaag House | Oliver H. Kelley Homestead | Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home | Andrew John Volstead House
Landmark commercial enterprises	Pillsbury "A" Mill | Washburn "A" Mill | Peavey-Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator | Plummer Building | Hull-Rust-Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine | Mountain Iron Mine | Soudan Iron Mine | National Farmer's bank | St. Croix Boom Site
Military landmark	Fort Snelling
New Deal landmarks	Rabideau CCC Camp | St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area
Prehistoric landmark	Kathio Site

v • d • e U.S. National Register of Historic Places
History of the National Register of Historic Places · Property types · Historic district · Contributing property	Image:US-NationalParkService-ShadedLogo.svg
List of entries National Park Service · National Historic Landmarks · National Battlefields · National Historic Sites · National Historical Parks · National Memorials · National Monuments

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