Fighting game
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A fighting game is a major video game genre. In a fighting game, players face off against each other or against computer-controlled characters in close combat. The main distinction between this genre and the beat 'em up genre is that players are of roughly equal power to their opponents, and fights are self-contained matches involving a small number of characters (usually between two and four). While not defining traits of the genre, the vast majority of fighting games involve life bars, fights that last an odd number of rounds, and are viewed in profile.
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[edit] History
The first recognized fighting game was the 1979 arcade game, Warrior. This game used simple monochrome vector graphics projected over the top of printed backgrounds. It was over a decade later that fighting games would establish themselves as a major genre and player versus player combat would become popular.[1]
Way of the Exploding Fist, published in 1985, is one of the earliest fighting games.[2] In Fist, the player progresses through a series of one-on-one karate tournament fights. Although the health bars found in modern fighting games were not present (instead, rounds end when any strike connects with the opponent), it is regarded as one of the games that established this genre. [3]
Modern fighting games can either be two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D). Characters in 2D fighting games (e.g. Street Fighter, The King of Fighters, early Mortal Kombat) are hand-drawn or digitized animated sprites with some exceptions. They can move left, move right, duck, and jump, but in many games they can't sidestep or move closer to the screen. Games where the player can slightly take advantage of depth of the fighting arena include many of those in the Fatal Fury series. The camera scrolls in various directions but observes the match from the same angle. The 2D fighter's characteristic gameplay mechanics are jumps that nearly always go over opponents, projectile attacks, and an attacking/blocking system that differentiates between air, ground, and crouching attacks. Since there is a lack of 3D depth, two-dimensional titles usually involve extensive moves that take advantage of the height of the screen; attacks in the air are essential moves. Two dimensional games stem from long-established fighting systems that have been greatly refined over the years, so most modern 2D fighters have more techniques involved than 3D fighters.
Two-dimensional fighters also have a greater number of crossovers: games where several characters from various other games are merged into one title (refer to "Gaming crossovers"). These games typically have a very large amount of playable characters. Because of this, these "mashup fighters" tend to be tag-team matches; the player chooses several characters, can switch between them during rounds, and can utilize team-up attacks. Additionally, these games tend to have several different fighting systems to choose from, incorporating the fighting system from the originating game games. Notable crossovers include Capcom's "Vs" series (i.e., both MvC and SvC), SNK's King of Fighters series, and Sega's Fighters Megamix.
In 3D titles (e.g. Virtua Fighter, Soul Calibur, Tekken, Dead or Alive, later Mortal Kombat games), the characters and stages are three-dimensional polygon-based models. The camera's viewing angle is not always fixed and it can rotate and move in any direction. Because of the extra dimension, the characters can sidestep as well as duck and jump. In contrast with the gameplay of 2D titles, jumping and projectile attacks are typically minor elements. Usually, blocking and attacking are more complex, featuring high, mid, and low attacks and blocks. Thus, the gameplay in 3D fighters is generally two-dimensional as well, although more on the ground's plane instead of the screen's; however, there are exceptions (like Power Stone and Tobal No. 1). 3D fighting games usually have slower attack speeds than their 2D counterparts, because attacks will generally be timed more realistically (they are often created using motion capture instead of the laws of animation; even with a quick attack, the whole maneuver will be carried out instead of using the starting and ending frames to emphasize speed).
Three-dimensional games usually have much larger fighting arenas, which can have multiple sub-sections and paths (most notably in the Dead or Alive series). There are often a number of environmental hazards that can be utilized against the opponent, such as a cliff or an electric fence. Many three-dimensional fighters have two win conditions: the normal health depletion or the ring-out. A ring-out is accomplished by forcing the player out of the fighting arena with either an attack or mere pressure. In some games, such as the Super Smash Bros. series, the ring-out is the primary (sometimes only) method of victory. Some 3D fighting games have gameplay that closely mimics 2D fighters, incorporating three-dimensional depth as a method of escaping attacks rather than an essential part of the fighting system. Notable examples of this include Capcom's Rival Schools and Street Fighter EX series, SNK's KOF: Maximum Impact, and Midway's Biofreaks.
[edit] Elements of fighting games
There are several concepts common to many fighting games. The most common element is health, usually in the form of a rectangular "life bar". Combos, in which several attacks are chained together using basic 'punch' and 'kick' attacks, are a feature common to 2D fighting games since they were introduced in Streetfighter II.[4] 2D fighters also emphasize the difference between the height of attacks, and usually have both "special moves" and "super special moves". Blocking is another basic technique in which a player defends attacks, whether in the air or the ground. Games like Street Fighter III provide an advanced blocking technique in the genre called "parrying" while those Garou: Mark of the Wolves involve "Just Defending" (both involve a well-timed directional maneuver). Throwing is a close-up attack in which a player inputs a specific command when close to the opponent; entire games and characters in normal games can be mostly grapple-based. Counterattacking (usually landing a hit on an opponent before after the opponent begins an attack) is also a common element of gameplay.
[edit] Personality
Since fighting games often have many characters and merchandise based off of them, the characters can often engage in antics that have little to do with the fighting itself.
[edit] Character introductions
Character introductions in fighting games are based on their personality and occur before a match begins. Most character intros are merely some sort of pose or catch-phrase, but some are based on their encounter with their particular opponent. For example, when Kyo Kusanagi and Iori Yagami in the King of Fighters series meet, they have a brief conversation while showing off their powers. Character intros have appeared in many fighting game series, including Street Fighter Alpha, Tekken, Guilty Gear, and Super Smash Bros.
[edit] Taunting
Taunting is a type of move first seen in the Art of Fighting series, and has been used in most games of the genre ever since.[citation needed] Taunting is personality-based, much like victory poses and character intros. Taunting is used to lighten the mood in most games, but in some games it can be an essential component of the gameplay. Sometimes, a character can even be famous for taunting (for example, Dan Hibiki from the Street Fighter Alpha series has many aggressive, excessive, and humorous taunts). The amount of taunting allowed can vary from game to game (in most SNK fighters and Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike, players can taunt incessantly, whereas all characters except Dan in the Street Fighter Alpha series may only taunt once in a round).
[edit] Victory Pose
Upon winning a round, a character will often celebrate with a victory pose of some sort. One common victory pose is the V sign.
[edit] Victory conditions
In most fighting games, a match consists of a varying number of rounds. In a one-on-one match, it is usually determined by winning two out of three rounds (though the exact number can depend on the game).
[edit] Knockout (K.O.)
A player usually wins a mark upon depleting an opponent's health, performing a knockout (K.O.). Many games will reward a "perfect", where the player manages to defeat an enemy without losing any health whatsoever, or a "one hit K.O.", where a player defeats an enemy with only one action. Moreover, should both characters simultaneously reduce each other's hit points to zero, a Double K.O. may be declared. K.O.'s and special K.O.'s are often accompanied by a voiceover declaring the type of victory.
[edit] Ring-out
Ring-out (usually but not always found in 3D fighting games) can be a faster way of defeating an opponent than the knockout. In the event that an opponent has left or been somehow made to leave the fighting area, a "ring out" will be awarded. Ring-outs can only happen in arenas that have no intervening wall or curb (in many games with the ring-out option of victory, the boundaries of a stage can be destroyed in order make a ring-out possible in that spot). In the Super Smash Bros. series, ring-out is the primary means of victory in most modes; characters will not typically faint upon sustaining damage, but will instead be knocked away further by attacks as their damage meter increases.
[edit] Fatalities
In 1992, Mortal Kombat introduced "fatalities" in which the victor finishes off a knocked-out opponent by killing him or her (usually in a highly violent and gruesome way). Later on, many other fighting games adopted this concept.
[edit] Sudden Death
In many fighting games, "sudden death" is a match which occurs after matches that end the final round in a "double K.O." or a "draw" (which usually happens when the combatants have similarly depleted health). To break the tie, one fighter must defeat the other in a sudden-death match. Sudden Death may also have different connotations depending on the series; In the Super Smash Bros. series, for example, characters with tied scores are spawned with enough damage that they may be thrown out of the ring with moves that would not do so otherwise. Sudden Death is also a term for an advanced version of "Overkill" in the Sega CD version of Eternal Champions; other games (such as BloodStorm or Guilty Gear) allow players to do away with their opponents regardless of health if certain conditions are met.
[edit] Number of players
[edit] Single player
Fighting games usually include a single-player mode. Most fighting games follow the story of the particular fighter the player selects. Occasionally, single-player mode is used to unlock secret characters and such in the game as well. On an arcade machine, it is usually possible for another human player to join in the fight at any time during the single player mode.
[edit] Multiplayer
Multiplayer participation in fighting games comes in a variety of ways.
[edit] One-on-one
In many fighting games, one-on-one matches are the most common style for fighting games. One player controls one character while the other player controls the other; however, if characters form teams, there is usually either a succession or a means to tag out, with the occasional team-up move.
[edit] Four-way simultaneous fighting
In some fighting games (notably the Super Smash Bros. series), there are matches in which four fighters fight each other all at once. There is also usually a way to form either impromptu or official teams (eliminating "friendly fire") when this mode of battle is available. The number of combatants isn't necessarily restricted to four (and sometimes there aren't enough players to fill all four available positions), but it is a convenient number in terms of what can easily be tracked on a screen.
[edit] Online fighting
Newer online gaming services such as Xbox Live, the PlayStation Network, and the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection have brought more fighting games to cyberspace. Games such as Dead or Alive 4, the Xbox version of SVC Chaos: SNK vs. Capcom, the PSN version of Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection, and Super Smash Bros. Brawl feature competitive gaming online. However, lag is an obstacle for many online fighting games due to the fast-paced nature and the often split-second timing required; the number of players that can be matched up can often prove to slow down timing as well. Some PC fighting games such as Kwonho, and (the upcoming as of 2007) Dead or Alive Online feature heavily on the online component.
[edit] Team-based fighting
Fighting games started out always being 1-on-1 battles. However, starting in the mid-1990s, cooperative-style team fighting has gained some prevalence.
[edit] Simultaneous Team
In Fatal Fury, two human players could fight together against the computer opponent; this was the first fighting game to allow this. As a secret mode in Street Fighter Alpha and in its sequels as an optional mode, a cooperative style of fighting called "Dramatic Battle" lets players play with two characters at once against another opponent. However, unlike "Dramatic Battle", Marvel Vs. Capcom adopts and features this kind of fighting as a super attack, known as the "Duo attack", during matches. When activated, this kind of attack lets the player perform "Dramatic Battle"-style attacks, along with performing unlimited super special moves for a brief period. Simultaneous team battles can also be chosen in the Super Smash Bros. series via choosing a team on the character select screen.
[edit] Tag Team
In 1996, Capcom's X-Men vs. Street Fighter and SNK's Kizuna Encounter introduced "tag-teamimg" to the genre, while Marvel vs. Capcom 2 became the first game with "trio" tag teaming. The King of Fighters 2003 revised the previous rules for the KOF series to allow players to switch between their three characters, while Tekken Tag Tournament and the Dead or Alive series featured tag-teaming as well. The rules vary from game to game on how matches are won. In most tag-team games, each fighter on the team has to be defeated to win. In some others, only one fighter needs to be knocked out to win a tag-team round.
[edit] Assisting
Assisting is another type of 'team-based' fighting game technique in the genre. In games such as Marvel Vs. Capcom, assists are used to call on (non-playable) characters, whereas in Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter and Marvel vs. Capcom 2, assisting is done by calling on the player's teammates. Other fighting games such as KOF '99 use what is called the "striker" system in the series (where playable characters are called on, and characters on a team are set aside for this exclusive task). Other games have other mechanisms, such as in the Super Smash Bros. series, where fighters can use the Poké ball to enlist the aid of Pokémon and Assist Trophies to enlist the aid of other Nintendo Characters.
[edit] 3-on-3 Elimination
In 1994, The King of Fighters '94 introduced 3-on-3 elimination-style matches in fighting games. After selecting a trio team of characters and choosing their order, the same rules apply as in the normal one-on-one round matches. The difference, however, is that instead of earning marks upon victory, the next opponent on the other team must be faced, often with a little health given back to the victor (depending on how well or fast the fight was won). This goes on until all members of one team have been defeated. While this is the signature style of the KOF series up until KOF 2003, this kind of fighting has been adopted as an optional mode into other fighting games such as the Dead or Alive series, the Tekken series, and many others. In Capcom's contributions to the Capcom vs. SNK series, characters are selected using a "ratio" system, in which characters are "worth" a certain amount when it comes time to form teams.
[edit] Survival
Unlike traditional round matches, "survival" modes let the player face a multitude of successive opponents while attempting to keep the character's life bar from running out of health. When winning matches, the life bar may replenish depending on the time left on the timer and the game being played. Survival is often featured as a mode in home versions of fighting games.
[edit] Custom creation
Custom creation, or "create-a-fighter", is a feature of some fighting games which allows a player to customize the appearance and move set of their own character. This feature has been used in wrestling games (as "Create-a-wrestler") since Super Fire Pro Wrestling X Premium in 1996,[5] but Fighter Maker (in 1999) and Kakuge-Yaro: Fighting Game Creator (2000) were two of the first fighting games that worked with this concept heavily.[6] Other fighting games such as Soul Calibur III,[7] Mortal Kombat Armageddon,[8] and Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2[9] adopted this concept.
[edit] Sub-genres
While most fighting games feature hand-to-hand combat, there are sub-genres that involve different methods for damage.
[edit] Weapon-based fighting
Weapon-based fighting games feature characters that duel almost exclusively with melee weapons instead of hand-to-hand combat. Since weapons have more range and blocking with a weapon does not usually exhaust the character, most of the focus lies on reaction time and weapon placement (as opposed to torrential combos and special moves). The Samurai Shodown and Soul series characterize this style of fighting game.
[edit] Platform-based fighting
Platform-based fighting games feature matches that take place on platforms, and often involve maneuvers typical of platform games as well as fighting games. Usually, more emphasis is placed on moving around accurately and forcibly repositioning opponents than on achieving a knockout. Games such as DreamMix TV World Fighters, Battle Stadium D.O.N, Rave Master: Special Attack Force, and the Super Smash Bros. series characterize this sub-genre; the graphics are usually 3D whereas the gameplay is usually 2D, but this is probably owing to the relative recency of these games; there is no compelling reason 3D gameplay or 2D graphics could not be employed: both the Power Stone series and Ehrgeiz feature a fusion of traditional fighting game elements and 3D platforming elements.
[edit] Rhythm-based fighting
This sub-genre of fighting takes the traditional fighting game elements and mixes it with rhythm, a musical element to create music. Custom Beat Battle: Draglade for the Nintendo DS and Bust a Groove (Bust a Move in Japan), and its sequel both for the PSX, are examples of this rare sub-genre
[edit] Realistic fighting
Realistic fighting in fighting games mirrors 'real world' fighting, whether hand-to-hand or weapon based. Bushido Blade for the PlayStation features a system that does not rely on traditional features such as health bars, guard crush meters, stun meters, and super meters like in traditional fighters. For example, the moment one hits or slashes the opponent, he or she may die instantly, depending on where he or she was hit. If the opponent was sliced in the leg or the arm, he or she would be unable to walk or swing his sword as effectively.
[edit] Fighting role-playing game
The Legend of Legaia series, in a sense, defines the "fighting RPG" sub-genre. Legaia's battle system mixes the turn-based battle systems seen in most traditional RPG's and the traditional gameplay formula for traditional fighting games into what is called the "Tactical Arts System". However, other games such as the Tobal series feature a mode that focuses on dungeon crawling combined with the traditional fighting game elements, and Virtua Quest which is more "action RPG"-style in its battle system.
[edit] See also
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[edit] Notes and references
- ^ (December 2006) "The Making of... Warrior" (Print). Edge Magazine 169: 101-103.
- ^ The US Complete Guide To Beat-'em-ups, Your Sinclair May 1990 issue 53; retrieved from The Your Sinclair Rock 'n' Roll years
- ^ Karate Ace compilation review from Your Sinclair Oct 1988 issue 34; retrieved from The Your Sinclair Rock 'n' Roll years
- ^ (2003) "The making of Street Fighter II". Edge presents Retro ('The Making of...' Special). “"[Combos] became the base for future fighting titles"”
- ^ Super Fire Pro Wrestling Premium X. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Fighter Maker review. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Soul Calibur III Review. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Mortal Kombat screens and Create-A-Fighter details. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Dragon Ball Z Budokai Tenkaichi 2 (PS2) preview. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
[edit] External links
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